1. Sparta & Athens World History

2. Sparta Invaders from north conquer land No natural defenses –Built in valley, not on hill Very unique among poleis –Became very militarized in order to survive and persevere

3. Sparta 3 social groups –Equals Descendants of original invaders Owned land and ran the city-state –Half-citizens Were free, paid taxes, served in army Some farmed, some traded Some even became rich

4. Sparta 3 social groups –Helots Descendants of original conquered people Became slaves to equals Greatly outnumbered free Spartans –Terrorized in order to prevent uprising –Hated the Spartans

5. Sparta Government –Two kings One led army, other led government –Council of Elders Proposed laws and served as criminal court –Assembly All male citizens over 30 years old Accepted or rejected proposed laws Elected ephors to oversee the kings

6. Sparta Life in Sparta –Lives controlled from birth to death –Every adult male part of the military To keep helots in line To defend and expand Sparta –Unhealthy babies left to die

7. Sparta Life in Sparta –Boys leave home at age 7 to live in military barracks Reading, writing, military training Train for war from 18 to 20 –Military service begins at age 20 Allowed to marry –Can move home at age 30 Allowed to engage in business

8. Sparta Life in Sparta –Available for military service until age 60 Though few Spartans ever made it this far –Lives devoted to the state instead of themselves

9. Athens Develops very differently than Sparta Little good farmland, turned to the sea for fishing and trading Went to coined money in 600s BC –Helped encourage more trade Build Piraeus as port for goods –Origin of the term “pirate”

10. Athens 3 social classes –Citizens Free adult landowning men could vote and hold government office –Metics Born outside Athens Free taxpayers but couldn’t vote or hold office –Slaves Viewed as natural and necessary People captured in war

11. Athens Government –Monarchy to aristocracy –Met in assembly Elected generals in time of war Council of 9 archons –Served one year terms

12. Athens Government –Laws First written by archon tyrant Draco –Very harsh --> Draconian laws Solon –Worked to bridge gap between rich and poor by erasing debts and outlawing slavery for failure to pay them off –Made Athens more democratic

13. Athens Government –Democracy Began by tyrant Cleisthenes Council of 500 –Separated Athenian population into 10 tribes –Each tribe elected 50 men to represent it –Proposed laws to the popular assembly –Assembly voted to accept them or not Direct vs. representative democracy