1. Exogenous Democratization (?) GOVT S-1113 Meeting 7

2. The Great Divergence (Source: R. Bates, SA-52, Lecture 1 Slides) 1517: Luther posts his 95 Theses 1905: Weber publishes The Protestant Ethic 1455: Gutenberg Bible published Source: Professor R.Bates, SA-52, Lecture 1 Slides GDP per Capita G pe4rGD Per Capita

3. Mechanisms of Exogenous Influence on Democratization IMPOSITION – Response to crisis/state failure – Pre-emptive PERSUASION/DIFFUSION – State or inter-/supra-national efforts – Civil society/transnational efforts – “Neighborhood” (geographic) effects

4. Democratization vs. Stable Democracy --To what degree do the mechanisms proposed promote democratization vs. stable democracy? --What is the relationship between exogenous and endogenous influences? Does this vary based on circumstances? Can you provide examples?

5. “Leverage” and “Linkage” What is “leverage” or “conditionality”? (Passive vs. Active) Types of “leverage” and “conditionality”: – Political imposition of sanctions or conditions – Diplomatic pressure/international shaming – Military intervention

6. “Leverage” and “Linkage” What is “linkage”? Types of “linkage”: – Economic – Geopolitical – Social – Communicational – Transnational civil society

7. Mechanisms of “Linkage” Effectiveness Levitsky & Way argue “leverage” works best when combined with “linkage.” Specifically, “linkage” raises the cost of authoritarianism by: – heightening salience of abuses in the West – increasing probability of international response – creating domestic constituencies with a stake in adhering to democratic norms – strengthening democratic forces in relation to autocrats

8. “Modular” Phenomena (aka “diffusion effects”) 1)made possible by sense of interconnection between cases, facilitated by such factors as common institutional characteristics, histories, cultural affinities or modes of domination 2)emulation of prior success is the basic driving mechanism 3)Also active efforts by previously successful actors to spread model 4)Spread of modular phenomena not stochastic, but shaped by pre-existing structural characteristics that affect the timing of diffusion effects