1. Language More than just a method of communication

2. What is language? Language: an organized system of spoken words by which people communicate with mutual comprehension Ideas, attitudes or intent through signs, sounds or gestures Language is an open system not a closed system Finite sounds exist with potential for infinite meanings Contains displacement

3. Classifications of language More than half the world inhabitants speaks just 8 tongues Isogloss: a geographic area where a language is spoken 5,000 years ago: 10,000- 15,000 tongues Today: about 6,000 remain Nearly extinct languages – Africa 37 – The Americas 161 – Asia 55 – Europe 7 – The Pacific 157

4. World Language Distribution of Living Languages (Figure 5.2) Total number of languages 31,000-300,000 – There are more dead languages than those that are still living – One to two languages lost every week (mostly in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia) 6,800 languages spoken today (2006 data) – 1/3 Asia – 30% Africa – 19% in the Pacific area – 15% in the America – 3% in Europe

5. Most Widely Spoken Tongues in the world First language: 1. Mandarin Chinese- 882 million 2. Spanish- 325 million 3. English- 312- 380 million 4. Arabic- 206-422 million 5. Hindi- 181 million 6. Portuguese- 178 million 7. Bengali- 173 million 8. Russian- 146 million 9. Japanese- 128 million 10. German- 96 million English is the official language of 83 countries World language distribution reflects the dynamic pattern of human movement settlements and colonization

7. How do languages spread? Language spread (geo) the increase or relocation through time in the area over which a language is spoken Relocation diffusion- language may spread because their speaks occupy new territories – Colonization of the Americas and Australia Expansion Diffusion: Acquire more speaks (often Hierarchical diffusion) acculturation – Spread of Latin in western Europe and Arabic in western Asia and north Africa – India in 19 th century English administrative and judicial system – Prestige of language

8. Barriers: Prevent language spread Cultural barriers Physical barriers

9. Language and Religion Language and religion are the basic components of cultures Mentifacts- the central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and believes (Ex: language religion and folklore) Ideological subsystems- the complex of ideas, believes knowledge and means of communication that characterize a culture The ever changing strands for languages and religions in their present day structure and spatial patterns are simply the temporary largest phase in a continuing progression of cultural change

10. The Geography of Language Language is the most important medium by which it culture is transmitted Language helps to distinguish the worlds diverse social groups

11. Classifications of language Language- organized system of spoken words by which people communicate which each other with mutual comprehension The language commonly called “Chinese” is more properly seen as a group of distinct but related languages: Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka and others. “Chinese” has uniformity only in the fact that all the varied Chinese languages are written alike The restricted language dominance reflects the reality that the worlds linguistic diversity is rapidly shrinking. There are 7,000 tongues still remaining, between 20% and 50% are not learned by children and are effectively dead.

12. Language family- a group of languages descendent from a single earlier tongue – Ex: Romance languages: Italian, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian Protolanguage: an assumed reconstructed or recorded ancestral language. – Example: Panis a Latin word for bread pane- Italian Pain - French Pan- Spanish

13. Protolanguage – Common ancestor to any group of today’s languages Language family – Languages related by descent from a common protolanguage – Members of the same language family may not be mutually intelligible Cognates – words related somewhat like cousins – i.e. reign or royal (English) & Rajah (Hindi) Etymology – study of word origins

15. Spatial Interaction helps create: Lingua franca – A language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. Pidgin language – a language created when people combine parts of two or more languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary. Creole language – a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people.

16. What Role does Language Play in Making Places? Key Question:

17. Place Place – the uniqueness of a location, what people do in a location, what they create, how they impart a certain character, a certain imprint on the location by making it unique.

18. Toponymy Study of place names Can tell you information about the origin of the place Examples in the U.S – Nevada – New Mexico – Florida – Colorado

19. Toponym Toponym – a place name – A toponym: Imparts a certain character on a place Reflects the social processes in a place Can give us a glimpse of the history of a place

20. Changing Toponyms When people change the toponym of a place, they have the power to “wipe out the past and call forth the new.” - Yi-Fu Tuan

21. Changing Toponyms Major reasons people change toponyms: After decolonization After a political revolution To memorialize people or events To commodify or brand a place

22. Martin Luther King, Jr. Streets Geographer Derek Alderman asks: * Where are MLK streets? * Why are they where they are? * What controversies surround memorializing MLK with a street name?

23. Where are MLK Streets in the US?

24. The Languages of Europe Romance languages Germanic languages Slavic languages

25. Euskera The Basque speak the Euskera language, which is in no way related to any other language family in Europe. How did Euskera survive?

26. Languages of Subsaharan Africa - extreme language diversity - effects of colonialism

27. Nigeria more than 400 different languages.

28. Dispersal Hypothesis Indo-European languages first moved from the hearth eastward into present-day Iran and then around the Caspian and into Europe.

29. From Anatolia diffused Europe’s languages From the Western Arc of Fertile Crescent diffused North Africa and Arabia’s languages From the Eastern Arc of Fertile Crescent diffused Southwest Asia and South Asia’s languages. Renfrew Hypothesis: Proto-Indo-European began in the Fertile Crescent, and then:

30. Agriculture Theory With increased food supply and increased population, speakers from the hearth of Indo-European languages migrated into Europe.

31. Language is not mere communication… but symbolic form of communication Linguist Bert Vaux’s study of dialects in American English points to the differences in words for common things such as soft drinks and sandwiches. Describe a time when you said something and a speaker of another dialect did not understand word you used. Was the word a term for a common thing? Why do you think dialects have different words for common things, things found across dialects, such as soft drinks and sandwiches.

32. Linguistic Differentiation National languages – Imposed or encouraged by government with varying success Nation building – Philological nationalism Belief that mother tongues have given birth to nations. Postcolonial societies – Imposed official languages by colonial ruler Not spoken by locals

33. Multiple Language States Polyglot states – Having multiple official languages – Can promote political devolution United States – English always lingua franca – Three major dialects in 13 colonies – Non-English languages – English is de facto official language, not de jure

35. Language Change Migration, separation and isolation give rise to separate, mutually unintelligible languages because the society speaking the parent protolanguage no longer remain unitary Change is gradual and cumulative

36. Germanic Languages Germanic languages: including English, German, Dutch and the Scandinavian tongues and are related decedents of a less well known Proto-Germanic language spoken by people who lived in southern Scandinavian and along the north sea

37. Dialects – Minor variations within a language Standard language – Following formal rule of diction and grammar Official language – Primary language for any given country – Defacto or Dejure? Lingua franca – Current language of international discourse

38. The study of different dialects across space Speech community – a group of people who speak together Isoglosses – Frequently parallel physical landscape features Geographical dialect continuum