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Published byMeryl Shields Modified over 9 years ago
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Objectives 1. Discuss heart sounds 2. Describe the major types of cardiac valve disorders 3. Explain how a myocardial infarction might occur. 4. Describe the major types of cardiac dysrhythmia. 5. List and describe possible causes of heart failure.
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Heart Sounds Two distinct sounds can be heard when listening to the heart – “lub dup” “lub” – caused by vibration and abrupt closure of the AV valves as the ventricle contracts This sound is of a longer duration and lower pitch than is the second sound. “dup” – closing of the semilunar valves
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Valve Disorders Incompetent valves – leak Stenosed valves – narrower than normal Rheumatic heart disease – inflammation of cardiac valves and other tissues Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) – bicuspid valve flaps extend into left atrium causing incompetence
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Heart Attack A myocardial infarction may result from occlusion or blockage of the left coronary artery
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Cardiac Dysrhythmia Heart block – AV node block Bradycardia – slow heart rhythm (below 60 beats per minute); slight bradycardia is normal during sleep; abnormal caused from improper autonomic nervous control of the heart or a damaged SA node
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Tachycardia – rapid heart rhythm (over 100 beats per minute); normal during exercise or stress response; abnormal results from improper autonomic control of the heart, blood loss or shock, action of drugs and toxins, fever, et al Sinus dysrhythmia – variation in heart rate during breathing cycle
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Extrasystoles Frequent premature contractions Can lead to fibrillation – cardiac muscle fibers contract out of step with each other Ventricular fibrillation – immediately life- threatening
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Heart Failure Cardiomyopathy – disease of the myocardial tissue, reduces pumping effectiveness Dysrhythmias can impair pumping effectiveness Congestive heart failure – left heart failure; decreases pumping pressure in the systemic circulation (portions become congested with fluids)
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