1. The American Nation Chapter 3 Exploration and Colonization, 1492– 1675 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. The American Nation Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Section 1: An Era of Exploration Section 2: Spain Builds an Empire Section 3: Colonizing North America Section 4: Building the Jamestown Colony Chapter 3: Exploration and Colonization, 1492–1675 Section 5: Seeking Religious Freedom

3. Chapter 3, Section 1 An Era of Exploration OBJECTIVES Why did the voyage of Christopher Columbus have a more lasting impact than earlier voyages? How did Spanish explorers find a route across the Pacific Ocean? How did exploration set off a global exchange of goods and ideas?

4. After the Crusades introduced Europe to the spices and riches of Africa and Asia, several countries sought a more direct route. The Ottoman empire controlled the land trade routes and prices. Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands began searching for new routes via the ocean. Searching for a shortcut In the Middle Ages European countries expanded beyond their borders

5. Prince Henry of Portugal financed and sent several expeditions along the west coast of Africa Dias sailed around the southern tip of Africa in 1488 da Gama sailed to India by circumnavigating Africa in 1498 Portuguese sailing costs decreased and profits increased after the route to India was established da GamaDias Portuguese Explorers Prince Henry Prince Henry had a “state of the art” training facility with mapmakers, navigators, and instrument makers that trained sailors

6. Spanish exploration Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, convinced the King and Queen of Spain to fund an expedition to find a western route to the riches of Asia. The Portuguese had sailed the route around Africa and therefore dominated the eastern route. At the time maps of the world did not include the Americas.

7. Columbus and his crew arrived in the “New World”, probably in the Bahamas. It was called the “New World” because at the time no modern European nation was aware of the continent’s existence. Vikings had explored parts of North America in the 1000s but they did not stay.

8. Reasons for European expansion WealthReligionFame National Pride Curiosity Faster, Cheaper Trade Routes Foreign Goods Reasons for Exploration

9. Chapter 3, Section 1 The Lasting Impact of Columbus’s Voyage Columbus found signs of gold on the islands and eagerly returned to Spain to share his success. Columbus founded the first Spanish colony in the Americas. Columbus’s voyages began a lasting contact among the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas. He died thinking he had found Asia when he actually found the coast of North and South America.

10. The Lasting Impact of Columbus’s Voyage His voyages marked a turning point in world history. Colony—A group of people who settle in a distant land but are still ruled by their native land Turning Point—A moment in history that marks a decisive change

11. Chapter 3, Section 1 Spanish Explorers Found a Route Across the Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition sailed westward from Spain. His ships circumnavigated, or sailed completely around, the world.

12. Chapter 3, Section 1 A Global Exchange of Goods and Ideas Europeans brought new ideas, plants, animals, and diseases to the Americas. Native Americans introduced new ideas, plants, and animals to the Europeans. Because this exchange began with Columbus, it is called the Columbian Exchange.

13. Chapter 3, Section 1 A Global Exchange of Goods and Ideas

14. Chapter 3, Section 1 Section 1 Review Columbus’s voyages to the Americas had a more lasting impact than earlier ones because Columbus’s voyages a) brought smallpox to the Native Americans. b) were the beginning of lasting contact among peoples of many continents. c) became the subject of many songs and stories. d)let people know how wide the Pacific Ocean is. The Columbian Exchange changed the lives of a) people around the world. b) just the Native Americans. c) Europeans only. d) Europeans and Native Americans. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.Click here.

15. Chapter 3, Section 1 Section 1 Review Columbus’s voyages to the Americas had a more lasting impact than earlier ones because Columbus’s voyages a) brought smallpox to the Native Americans. b) were the beginning of lasting contact among peoples of many continents. c) became the subject of many songs and stories. d)let people know how wide the Pacific Ocean is. The Columbian Exchange changed the lives of a) people around the world. b) just the Native Americans. c) Europeans only. d) Europeans and Native Americans. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.Click here.

16. Effects of Columbus’s Discovery Spain establishes colonies Europeans learn about a “New World” Contact began between Europe and the Americas

17. Effects of Columbus’s Discovery Indian population declined because of diseases brought from Europe and harsh treatment Europeans viewed Americas a place to settle, trade and get rich

18. Effects of Columbus’s Discovery Explorers were encouraged to search for a western route to Asia. A global exchange of goods and ideas was sparked.

19. Chapter 3, Section 2 Spain Builds an Empire How did conquistadors defeat two Indian empires? What areas did the Spanish explore? How did Spain settle and organize its colonies? What was life like for Native Americans under Spanish rule?

20. Spanish Conquistadores Spanish King gave them permission to establish settlements in America. In return, they gave the King 1/5 of the gold they captured. Hernando Cortez went to Mexico w/only 600 men & 16 horses.

21. Spanish Conquistadores Cortez defeated the Aztec empire and killed their leader, Moctezuma. Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incan empire w/ only 200 men.

22. Chapter 3, Section 2 Spanish Conquistadors Defeated the Aztecs and Incas The Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, had better military equipment. Native Americans had never seen horses before. Soldiers on horseback alarmed them.

23. Spanish Conquistadors Defeated the Aztecs and Incas (contd.) Native American fighters held back. Aztecs thought Spaniards might be gods. Incas were just getting over a war. Many Indians died from chicken pox, measles and influenza.

24. The Spanish Explored Vast Areas of North and South America. Chapter 3, Section 2 *The Spanish Border lands were located from present day Florida to present day California.

25. Other Spanish Conquistadors (Contd) Hernando DeSoto- explored Florida and Southeast- discovered Miss. River. Coronado- explored Arizona & New Mexico- looked for “7 cities of gold”

26. How Spain Organized Its Colonies Spain’s Laws of the Indies set up three kinds of settlements: Pueblos—towns, centers of farming and trade Presidios—forts where soldiers lived Missions—religious settlements run by priests and friars Chapter 3, Section 2

27. Four Social Classes Spain’s Laws of the Indies set up four social classes: Peninsulares—people born in Spain Creoles—people born in the Americas to Spanish parents Chapter 3, Section 2

28. Four Social Classes (Contd.) Mestizos—people of mixed Spanish and Indian background Indians—treated as conquered people

29. Indians Led a Harsh Life Spanish settlers with encomiendas, a kind of land grant, could demand labor or taxes from Indians. The Spanish forced many Indians to work in gold and silver mines. Chapter 3, Section 2

30. Indians Led a Harsh Life Many Indian laborers died working on plantations, or large estates that were farmed by many workers. The Spanish replaced Indian laborers with enslaved Africans.

31. Section 2 Review What was one problem Native Americans did not have under Spain’s rule? a) poverty b) disease c) shortage of work d) harsh treatment What three kinds of settlements did the Laws of the Indies call for? a) peninsulares, creoles, and mestizos b) pueblos, presidios, and missions c) encomiendas, estates, and plantations d) viceroyalty of New Spain, viceroyalty of Peru, viceroyalty of the West Indies Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here. Chapter 3, Section 2

32. Section 2 Review What was one problem Native Americans did not have under Spain’s rule? a) poverty b) disease c) shortage of work d) harsh treatment What three kinds of settlements did the Laws of the Indies call for? a) peninsulares, creoles, and mestizos b) pueblos, presidios, and missions c) encomiendas, estates, and plantations d) viceroyalty of New Spain, viceroyalty of Peru, viceroyalty of the West Indies Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here. Chapter 3, Section 2

33. Chapter 3, Section 3 Colonizing North America Why did England, France, and the Netherlands seek a northwest passage to Asia? How did the Protestant Reformation affect rivalries among European nations? How did rivalry develop between New France and New Netherland?

34. What is the Northwest Passage? Northwest Passage- a waterway through or around North America leading to Asia.

35. Chapter 3, Section 3 Why Look for a Nortwest Passage? They wanted to trade with Asia. They thought Magellan’s route to Asia was too long. So, they searched for a northwest passage, a waterway through or around North America.

36. Who looked for the Northwest Passage? John Cabot-explored for England-found Newfoundland. Verazzano-France-explored up & down North American Coast. Jacques Cartier- France- explored St. Lawrence River.

37. Who looked for the Northwest Passage? Henry Hudson -Dutch/English- found New York Harbor-crew rebelled in Hudson Bay-never seen again.

39. Results of looking for NW Passage: No one found it, but much of North America was explored and mapped. European nations begin thinking about how to profit from the region’s resources.

40. Chapter 3, Section 3 The Protestant Reformation Affected European Rivalries Martin Luther and his followers, called Protestants, split off from the Catholic Church. This movement is called the Protestant Reformation.

41. The Protestant Reformation Affected European Rivalries Some European nations stayed Catholic. Some became Protestant. Religious differences made their rivalries stronger.

42. Protestant vs. Catholic England: Protestant France: Catholic Netherlands (Dutch): mostly Protestant

43. New France and New Netherland Competed for Furs New France Settlements along the St. Lawrence River Coureur de bois trapped, and traded for furs w/ northeastern woodland Indians. Missionaries converted Indians to Christianity. Alliance, with the Hurons. Sold furs in Europe

44. New France and New Netherland Competed for Furs New Netherland Settlements along the Hudson River Merchants traded for furs with northeastern woodlands Indians. Alliance with the Iroquois Sold furs in Europe

45. Chapter 3, Section 3 New France and New Netherland Competed for Furs New France Settlements along the St. Lawrence River Coureur de bois trapped, hunted, and traded for furs with Indians of the northeastern woodlands. Missionaries traveled the woods to convert Indians to Christianity. Alliance, or agreement to help and protect each other, with the Hurons. Sold furs in Europe New Netherland Settlements along the Hudson River Merchants traded for furs with Indians of the northeastern woodlands. Alliance with the Iroquois Sold furs in Europe

46. Chapter 3, Section 3 Effects of European Exploration in America Causes Europeans want more goods from Asia Muslims gain control of trade between Europe and Asia Rulers of European nations seek ways to increase their wealth European nations look for a sea route to Asia Columbus reaches the Americas Exploration of the AmericasEffects Spain builds an empire in the Americas English, French, and Dutch set up colonies in North America Millions of Native Americans die from “European” diseases Slave traders bring enslaved Africans to the Americas Foods from the Americas are introduced into Europe Effects Today The United States is a multicultural society American foods, such as corn and potatoes, are important to people’s diets around the world

47. Chapter 3, Section 3 Section 3 Review Which European country did not establish a colony in North America? a) Germany b) France c) The Netherlands d) Sweden European nations in North America competed for a) the right to convert Indians. b) control of land and furs. c) colonists from many nations. d) gold and silver ore. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here.

48. Chapter 3, Section 3 Section 3 Review Which European country did not establish a colony in North America? a) Germany b) France c) The Netherlands d) Sweden European nations in North America competed for a) the right to convert Indians. b) control of land and furs. c) colonists from many nations. d) gold and silver ore. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here.

49. Section 3 Review What 2 countries did we discuss that started colonies in NORTH America? Where did they settle in North America? What activity became a way to make a profit for both countries? What heightened the rivalries among European nations exploring the New World?

50. Chapter 3, Section 4 Building the Jamestown Colony What challenges did the first English colonies in North America face? How did Virginia begin a tradition of representative government? What groups of people made up the new arrivals in Virginia after 1619?

51. Roanoke: The “Lost Colony” Sir Walter Raleigh raised money to start a colony in North Carolina Supplies ran low, they sent for supplies from England. Planned to return in a few months. Returned 3 years later. Colony was deserted. Colonists were never found

52. Jamestown Virginia Company receives a Charter to start a colony in Virginia. 1607 – Jamestown Colony established Named after King James, who gave them the charter.

53. Chapter 3, Section 4 Challenges at Jamestown The settlers at Jamestown faced several challenges: Swamps—bad water, mosquitoes, and malaria Ruling council couldn’t get along & failed to make plans

54. Challenges at Jamestown (contd) Starvation-didn’t plant enough crops. Colonists wouldn’t work, only concerned with digging for gold. Poor relations with Indians.

55. Survival and Success John Smith set up strict rules. Forced colonists to work to get to eat. Indians supplied corn, but peace didn’t last. Peace restored when a colonist married Pocahontas. Tobacco made the colony succeed.

56. Chapter 3, Section 4 Beginnings of Virginia’s Tradition of Representative Government The king gave the Virginia Company a charter—a legal document that gave the company certain rights. From English tradition: Magna Carta—The Great Charter of 1215 that said the king could not raise taxes without consulting a Great Council of leaders. Parliament—Great Council grew into an assembly of representatives that make laws

57. Chapter 3, Section 4 Beginning of Virginia’s Tradition of Representative Government Reforms of 1619: New governor would consult settlers on important matters. Male settlers would elect representatives called burgesses. Burgesses met in an assembly called the House of Burgesses to make laws.

58. Beginning of Virginia’s Tradition of Representative Government Reforms of 1619 began the idea that settlers should have a say in colony affairs. Became known as their own “Great Charter”.

59. Chapter 3, Section 4 New Arrivals in Virginia after 1619 The Virginia Company sent about 100 women by 1608. A Dutch ship arrived with about 20 Africans in 1619.- some were slaves, others became planters. Some Africans were slaves, others became free planters.

60. Chapter 3, Section 4 Section 4 Review Jamestown colony survived hard times when colonists a) found a way to clear the swamp. b) discovered gold. c) began to grow corn. d) found a profitable crop—tobacco. The main characteristic of Virginia’s representative government was that a) every male settler voted on the laws. b) the council consulted the colonists. c) every male settler voted for burgesses. d) the governor appointed burgesses. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here.

61. Chapter 3, Section 4 Section 4 Review Jamestown colony survived hard times when colonists a) found a way to clear the swamp. b) discovered gold. c) began to grow corn. d) found a profitable crop—tobacco. The main characteristic of Virginia’s representative government was that a) every male settler voted on the laws. b) the council consulted the colonists. c) every male settler voted for burgesses. d) the governor appointed burgesses. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here.

62. Section 4 Review What was the 1 st English colony in North America? What nickname is it known as and why? What was the 1 st successful English colony? Why was it settled? Who set up strict rules to help the colony survive? What Indian saved Jamestown’s leader’s life? What type of government did Jamestown have? What crop finally made the colony successful?

63. Setting the Scene: “Seeking Religious Freedom” Reading Comprehension: How long were they at sea? What season/time of year did they arrive? Why was this a problem? For what purpose was the colony founded (started)?

64. Chapter 3, Section 5 Seeking Religious Freedom How did European states control or regulate religion? Why did the colonists at Plymouth feel they needed the Mayflower Compact? How were the Pilgrims able to survive early hardships?

65. Colonists seeking Religious Freedom Plymouth colony- established so colonists could practice their religion freely. Founders known as Pilgrims The division between Protestants and Catholics in Europe led to fierce religious wars.

66. Chapter 3, Section 5 European States Controlled Religion Established church- the religion supported by the state Persecution- mistreatment or punishment of people for their beliefs

67. Separatists Seek Religious Freedom Protestant group called the Separatists wanted to separate from the Church of England. Given a charter to start a colony in North America Sailed on the Mayflower

68. Chapter 3, Section 5 Plymouth Colonists & the Mayflower Compact Plymouth colonists are known as “Pilgrims” because they made a long journey for religious reasons. They settled outside the boundaries of their charter, so its terms would not apply to them.

69. Plymouth Colonists and the Mayflower Compact Therefore, they wrote a framework for governing their colony—the Mayflower Compact.

70. Early Hardships for Plymouth Colonists Plymouth, Massachusetts, November, 1620. Didn’t bring enough food to get through winter Not enough time to build proper homes. Almost half died from disease and starvation

71. Chapter 3, Section 5 Reasons Pilgrims Survived Early Hardships They chose a good governor. Their religious faith was strong. They planted crops. Indians gave them seeds and showed them how to plant. Squanto-helped the most.

72. Chapter 3, Section 5 Pilgrims Establish American Traditions Pilgrims set important precedents, or examples for others to follow. The idea of religious freedom. A day of thanks for a good harvest, or Thanksgiving.

73. Chapter 3, Section 5 Section 5 Review Pilgrims founded Plymouth Colony because they wanted to a) worship as they pleased. b) give up being English. c) keep out “strangers” with different religious beliefs. d) stay away from Virginia. The Mayflower Compact established a tradition of government where a) the king was no longer honored. b) religious leaders made the rules. c) people obeyed the laws they liked best. d) people governed themselves through elected representatives. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here.

74. Chapter 3, Section 5 Section 5 Review Pilgrims founded Plymouth Colony because they wanted to a) worship as they pleased. b) give up being English. c) keep out “strangers” with different religious beliefs. d) stay away from Virginia. The Mayflower Compact established a tradition of government where a) the king was no longer honored. b) religious leaders made the rules. c) people obeyed the laws they liked best. d) people governed themselves through elected representatives. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here.