1. Chapter 33 Cancer, Immune System, and Skin Disorders All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Cancer   A new growth of abnormal cells is called a tumor.   Tumors are benign or malignant.   Benign tumors Do not not spread to other body parts Usually do not grow back when removed   Malignant tumors Invade and destroy nearby tissue Can spread to other body parts Sometimes grow back after removal   Metastasis is the spread of cancer to other body parts. 2 All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Cancer Risk Factors   The National Cancer Institute describes these risk factors:   Growing older   Tobacco use   Sunlight   Ionizing radiation, which can cause cell damage that leads to cancer   Certain chemicals and other substances   Some viruses and bacteria   Certain hormones   Family history of cancer   Alcoholism   Poor diet, lack of physical activity, and being over-weight 3 All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Treatment   If detected early, cancer may be treated or controlled.   Treatment depends on:   The type of tumor   Its site and size   If it has spread   Common treatments include:   Surgery   Radiation therapy (radiotherapy)   Chemotherapy   Hormone therapy   Biological therapy (immunotherapy) 4 All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

5. The Person’s Needs   Persons with cancer have many needs:   Pain relief or control   Rest and exercise   Fluids and nutrition   Preventing skin breakdown   Preventing bowel problems (constipation from pain- relief drugs; diarrhea from some cancer treatments)   Dealing with treatment side effects   Psychological and social needs   Spiritual needs   Sexual needs 5 All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Immune System Disorders   The immune system:   Protects the body from microbes, cancer cells, and other harmful substances   Defends against threats inside and outside the body   Immune system disorders   Occur from problems with the immune response   The response may be inappropriate, too strong, or lacking. 6 All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Autoimmune Disorders   In autoimmune disorders, the immune system can attack the body’s own normal cells, tissues, or organs.   Common autoimmune disorders include:   Graves’ disease (the most common form of hyperthyroidism)   Lupus—and inflammatory disease affecting the blood cells, joints, skin, kidneys, lungs, heart, or brain   Multiple sclerosis   Rheumatoid arthritis   Type I diabetes 7 All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Signs and Symptoms   Signs and symptoms of autoimmune diseases vary.   Fatigue, dizziness, not feeling well, and fever are common.   Most autoimmune disorders are chronic.   Treatment depends on the disorder and the tissues and organs affected. 8 All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)   Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)   AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).   The virus is spread through body fluids: blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk.   The virus is transmitted mainly by:   Unprotected anal, vaginal, or oral sex with an infected person   Needle and syringe sharing among IV drug users   HIV-infected mothers before or during childbirth   HIV-infected mothers through breast-feeding 9 All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

10. HIV   The HIV virus is very fragile.   It cannot live outside the body.   HIV is not spread by casual, everyday contact.   HIV is not transmitted by food prepared by the infected person.   Some HIV-infected persons have symptoms within a few months.   Others are symptom-free for more than 10 years.   However, they carry the virus and can spread it to others.   The person with AIDS can develop other health problems because the immune system is damaged. 10 All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

11. AIDS   The person with AIDS is at risk for:   Pneumonia   Tuberculosis   Kaposi’s sarcoma (a cancer)   Nervous system damage   Many new drugs   Help slow the spread of HIV in the body   Reduce complications   Prolong life   You may care for persons with AIDS or those who are HIV carriers.   Protect yourself and others from the virus.   Follow Standard Precautions and the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard. 11 All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Skin Disorders   Shingles (herpes zoster)   Caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox   The virus lies dormant in nerve tissue.   The virus can become active years later.   Most common in persons over 50 years of age.   Persons at risk are those who have had chicken pox and those with weakened immune systems.   A rash or blisters occur on the skin.   Pain level varies, but itching is a common complaint.   Antiviral drugs and pain-relief drugs are ordered by the doctor. 12 All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Quality of Life   A person may have one or many health problems.   The care you give affects the person’s quality of life.   Protect the right to privacy and confidentiality.   Protect the right to personal choice.   Protect the right to be free from abuse, mistreatment, and neglect.   Follow Standard Precautions and the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard. 13 All items and derived items © 2015, 2011 by Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.