1. I. Greek Civilization

2. A. Greek City-States 1. Rugged Terrain a. Mountains, coastal reefs b. Difficult to unify 2. The Sea a. Travel b. Food c. Trade i. Olive oil, Wine, Marble 3. Two levels a. Acropolis i. Highest point in city ii. Temples & government buildings b. Agora i. Lower part of city ii. Market, theater, homes Acropolis Agora

3. A. Greek City-States 4. Free Time a. Spent learning and debating i. Developed math, music, history, and logic ii. Herodotus – first historian b. Philosophy i. Socrates – seek truth and knowledge ii. Plato – ideal form iii. Aristotle – writer; set up university system 5. Polytheistic a.Zeus – King of the gods b. Athena – Goddess of wisdom Socrates Herodotus Aristotle

4. B. Greek Accomplishments 1. Architecture a. Meant to show perfect balance b.Parthenon – temple dedicated to Athena 2. Sculpture a. Lifelike and idealistic b.Gods, athletes, famous people, etc. 3. Paintings a. Only surviving are pottery b. Depicted everyday life

5. C. Athens & Sparta 1.Athens a. Monarchy  Aristocracy  Democracy i. Monarchy – royal family rules ii. Aristocracy – Wealthy landowning nobles rule iii. Democracy – People (though not all) rule b. Rights and Education i. Male citizens could vote ii. Women had no rights iii. Boys attended formal school if they could afford it – studied music, poetry, military training, athletics

6. C. Athens & Sparta c. Pericles i.Direct Democracy – All male citizens could vote; needed 6000 in attendance for decision. ii.Established juries. iii.Paid government officials (poor could be in government). iv.Started ostracism – banished a person for up to 10 years. v. Had the Parthenon built.

7. C. Athens & Sparta 2.Sparta a. Government i. Two kings + council of Elders ii. More slaves (conquered) than free men iii.Citizens: Male, native-born Spartans over 30 b. Newborns abandoned if deformed or sickly c. Military Training i. Age 7, ALL boys sent to barracks for training ii. Beaten, coarse diet, hard exercise iii.Marry at 20, move out of barracks at 30, stop eating there at 40 d. Women i. Exercise and strength important ii. Expected to produce healthy sons

8. II. Greek Wars

9. A. Military 1. Phalanx – massive formation of infantry (10 across x 10 deep) 2. Armor a. Metal armor on chests, forearms, and shins b. Round shield c.Helmet 3. Weapons a.Spears (10 feet long) and small swords (2 feet long) 4. Units were combined to make over 1000 men. Greek Phalanx

10. B. Persian Wars 1.Persia a. Largest empire in known world i. Demanded Greeks pay tribute ii.Athens and Sparta said no – formed the Athenian League 2. Victory at Marathon a. Persia attacks b. Greeks outnumbered but win by attacking the flanks (back) c.Pheidippides runs 26.2 miles to Athens with news of the victory d.d. Persia defeated!

11. B. Persian Wars 3. Persia attacks again 10 years later a.500,000 Persians (largest army ever) b. 300 Spartans (plus 7000 Greeks) hold off the army at Thermopylae i.Athens evacuated c. Persia burns Athens to the ground, but the Athenian navy sinks the Persian fleet i.Persian army stuck in Greece. d. Greece wins! Why? i.Superior Navy + knowledge of the land ii.Superior tactics and leadership

12. C. Greek Decline 1. Peloponnesian War a. 431 BC – Sparta attacks Athens b. People move into Athens for protection c. Plague kills 1/3 of population i. Why a plague? – No waste disposal – Food spoilage – No hand washing d.Sparta captures Athens in 404 BC 2. Macedonia takes advantage & conquers city-states from the North – King Philip/Alexander the Great.