1. Policy Responses to Demographic Change

2. Population Policies Pro-natalist / Expansive
Anti-natalist / Restrictive

3. Why would a country want
a pro-natalist policy ?

4. Why would a country want an
anti-natalist policy ?

5. Population Policies Expansion Policies Encourage large families
Tax incentives
Eugenic Policies
Policies designed to favor one sector over another

6. Population Policies Restrictive Policies
Toleration of unapproved birth control
Prohibition of large families

7. Population Control Obstacles Manufacture/distribution expense Religion
Low female status
Preference for male children

8. Birth Control Programs
One family/one child policies
Female infanticide
Social compensation fees
Sterilization
Loss of status
Termination healthcare/food coupons
Free birth control
Increased literacy

9. Limitations of Population Policies
Urbanization and industrialization more effective than restrictive properties
Education of women helps more than sex education (1 year education = reduces fertility by 5-10 percent)
Restricting immigration ages a population

10. Japan vs. China

11. Japan – Post WWII Refugees return from colonies
Soldiers return home to families
American occupation improved medical stuff
Birth rate increased and death rate dropped

12. Japan – Eugenic Protection Act
Legalized abortions for social, medical, and economic reasons
Contraceptives were made available
Enormous abortions brought down the birth rate
BR +34 per 1000 in 1947
BR 18 per 1000 in 1957

13. Japan – Expansionary Policy
1991 – government encouraged parents to have larger families
Immigration restrictions limit influx of younger workers
Will probably use technology to improve productivity
Japan on the road to negative growth

14. Japan – Aging Crisis 23,000 – Centenarians Grows by 13% annually
Oldest member 114

15. Japan – Economic Impact
Under 100 million people by the middle of the century
30 million fewer workers at a time when the number of elderly will have almost doubled
By 2050, if the birth rate remains the same people over 60 will make up over 30% of the population

16. China – Under Mao Mao Zedong was against population control
Following Mao’s death in 1979 the government introduced population controls

17. China – One Child Policy
1979 Policy to encourage couples to have one child
Applied loosely at first, which did not work
Restrictions tightened in 1982
Created dramatic reduction in the birth rate

18. One Child Policy 1979 - rewards start once 1 child contract is signed
free medical care
free daycare and schooling
guaranteed job for child
bonuses for parents
extra maternity leave
better housing
bigger old age pension
Penalties
must repay financial
benefits
educational, medical
benefits, & guaranteed
jobs are withdrawn
parents’ wages reduced

19. Penalties and hardships of the one-child policy
Farming families had no extra labor and defied authorities
Gov’t fired offenders from jobs

20. 80,000 Family Planning Workers
source:
Practice birth control for the revolution

21. source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

22. source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

23. Millions of dollars have been spent on education and on advertising.

25. Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy
Carry out family planning
Implement the basic national policy

26. Clever and pretty healthy and lovely
source:

30. Why do the posters often suggest an
association between economic prosperity
and happy 1 child families ?

31. China – Social Impact Female infanticide
Over 300,000 more males survive than females
Future males will substantially outnumber females
Social consequences are unknown

32. How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?

33. China – Relaxation of Policy
1984 – regulations loosened
Weakened enforcement
Peasants with rising incomes would pay the fines for births
2000 Growth rate = .9%

34. The End!