1. Unit IV Part 6 Andrew Jackson The and the Second BUS The Whigs

2. Remember Jackson hated Banks Jackson hated Banks He distrusted paper money He distrusted paper money He opposed the Second BUS because it put power into the hands of his enemies He opposed the Second BUS because it put power into the hands of his enemies The Second BUS was not popular with farmers The Second BUS was not popular with farmers Ruthless foreclosures Ruthless foreclosures Jackson was elected in 1832 The BUS charter was up for renewal in 1836 Who would be President in 1836?

3. Friends of the BUS Were worried that even if congress passed a BUS renewal, Jackson would veto it Were worried that even if congress passed a BUS renewal, Jackson would veto it Nicholas Biddle was President of the Second BUS…he ran it very well Nicholas Biddle was President of the Second BUS…he ran it very well Biddle was worried too Biddle was worried too

4. Daniel Webster had a plan To save the Second BUS To save the Second BUS He told Biddle to apply EARLY for a recharter He told Biddle to apply EARLY for a recharter He believed that Jackson would not dare to veto a bank bill before the election of 1832 He believed that Jackson would not dare to veto a bank bill before the election of 1832 Belief that if Jackson DID veto the BUS recharter, he would LOSE the election Belief that if Jackson DID veto the BUS recharter, he would LOSE the election

5. Biddle asked for an early re-charter Congress passed the Second BUS recharter bill Congress passed the Second BUS recharter bill Jackson vetoed it Jackson vetoed it NOTE: the Second BUS would still operate until 1836 NOTE: the Second BUS would still operate until 1836 Biddle made lots of low-interest loans to those opposed to Jackson during the election Biddle made lots of low-interest loans to those opposed to Jackson during the election

6. BUT THEN Jackson was re-elected! Jackson was re-elected! Still two factions of one party: Still two factions of one party: Democratic Republicans: Democratic Republicans: Jackson (VP Van Buren) (219) Jackson (VP Van Buren) (219) National Republicans: National Republicans: Henry Clay (49): first to have a national platform Henry Clay (49): first to have a national platform Anti-Masonics (Third Party) Anti-Masonics (Third Party) Wirt (0): first to have a National Convention Wirt (0): first to have a National Convention

7. Jackson Believed his election was a sign from the people that they wanted him to destroy the Bank even before the charter ran out Believed his election was a sign from the people that they wanted him to destroy the Bank even before the charter ran out So he asked his Secretary of the Treasury to remove all of the federal $ from the Bank…he refused and was fired So he asked his Secretary of the Treasury to remove all of the federal $ from the Bank…he refused and was fired The next Sec. of the Treasury…the same The next Sec. of the Treasury…the same They both believed it would be really bad for the economy They both believed it would be really bad for the economy

8. Roger Taney (Attorney General) Was made the new Sec. of the Treasury Was made the new Sec. of the Treasury HE removed the federal $ from the Second BUS HE removed the federal $ from the Second BUS The $ was re-deposited into several “PET” banks owned by Jackson lovers The $ was re-deposited into several “PET” banks owned by Jackson lovers Was this more democratic? Was this more democratic? Yes…before the government $ could only be used by one bank, now…many Yes…before the government $ could only be used by one bank, now…many

9. The Federal Money Was used by more banks = more economic opportunities for more people Was used by more banks = more economic opportunities for more people

10. Marshall died! 1834 Jackson named Taney as new Supreme Court Chief Justice (a reward?) Jackson named Taney as new Supreme Court Chief Justice (a reward?) In the meantime…Nicholas Biddle was forced to call in loans early to keep the bank afloat In the meantime…Nicholas Biddle was forced to call in loans early to keep the bank afloat More farmers lost land More farmers lost land Businesses failed, factories closed, lost jobs Businesses failed, factories closed, lost jobs Depression for several years Depression for several years

11. The Specie Circular 1836 A Jackson idea passed by congress A Jackson idea passed by congress Required buyers to buy land with specie! Required buyers to buy land with specie! Made economy even worse Made economy even worse Contributed to the Panic of 1837 Contributed to the Panic of 1837 Panic will be blamed on Van Buren because he will be the president to inherit it Panic will be blamed on Van Buren because he will be the president to inherit it

12. Taney’s Court Modified some of Marshall’s decisions: Modified some of Marshall’s decisions: Charles River Bridge v Warren Bridge 1837: Taney said that a state MAY amend a contract if it would benefit that state’s citizens Charles River Bridge v Warren Bridge 1837: Taney said that a state MAY amend a contract if it would benefit that state’s citizens

13. The Rise of the Whigs Jackson made many enemies due to his actions during the Nullification Crisis and his war with the Second BUS Jackson made many enemies due to his actions during the Nullification Crisis and his war with the Second BUS During his second term, the Whig Party was formed During his second term, the Whig Party was formed It was a combination of National Republicans and Jackson Haters (who did not necessarily agree with the ideology of the National Republicans) It was a combination of National Republicans and Jackson Haters (who did not necessarily agree with the ideology of the National Republicans)

14. The Whigs Founders: Daniel Webster and Henry Clay Founders: Daniel Webster and Henry Clay Platform: Clay’s American System Platform: Clay’s American System Ideology: Stood for the same issues as the Federalist Party: High Tariff, Strong Central Government, a BUS Ideology: Stood for the same issues as the Federalist Party: High Tariff, Strong Central Government, a BUS Remember: Webster was the last spokesman for the Federalist Party at the Hartford Convention Remember: Webster was the last spokesman for the Federalist Party at the Hartford Convention

15. Election of 1836 Democrats (Old Democratic-Republican Party) Democrats (Old Democratic-Republican Party) Van Buren (NY) (170) Van Buren (NY) (170) VP Johnson (killed Tecumseh) VP Johnson (killed Tecumseh) Three Whig Candidates: Three Whig Candidates: W.H. Harrison (73) W.H. Harrison (73) Hugh White (26) Hugh White (26) Daniel Webster (14) Daniel Webster (14) Independent: Magnum (11) Independent: Magnum (11)

16. Van Buren Will only serve one term because the economy was so bad and it was all blamed on him Will only serve one term because the economy was so bad and it was all blamed on him Although Jackson was at fault: his war with the Second BUS and the Specie Circular Although Jackson was at fault: his war with the Second BUS and the Specie Circular BUT Jackson was still President until March of 1837 BUT Jackson was still President until March of 1837

17. African Americans Free in the North but second class citizens Free in the North but second class citizens Often could not vote in Northern States Often could not vote in Northern States 1831 Nat Turner’s Rebellion: White family killed while slaves attempted to escape 1831 Nat Turner’s Rebellion: White family killed while slaves attempted to escape Great fear by Southerners Great fear by Southerners Abolitionist societies disappeared in the South Abolitionist societies disappeared in the South

18. The Gag Rule The slavery issue was such a hot topic that if it was introduced in Congress, no work was done…only fighting over slavery The slavery issue was such a hot topic that if it was introduced in Congress, no work was done…only fighting over slavery SO…members of the House were subject to the Gag Rule…Members were not supposed to bring up the topic of slavery so other work could get done SO…members of the House were subject to the Gag Rule…Members were not supposed to bring up the topic of slavery so other work could get done

19. The Gag Rule John Quincy Adams (was elected to the House after his presidency) tried to break the Gag Rule over 300 times John Quincy Adams (was elected to the House after his presidency) tried to break the Gag Rule over 300 times He continually tried to introduce petition to end slavery. He continually tried to introduce petition to end slavery.

20. Native Americans Since Jefferson, the U.S. policy was removal to east of the Mississippi Since Jefferson, the U.S. policy was removal to east of the Mississippi Jackson’s Trail of Tears Jackson’s Trail of Tears 1832 Black Hawk War in the Northwest 1832 Black Hawk War in the Northwest 1837-42 Seminole War in Florida 1837-42 Seminole War in Florida

21. Foreign Affairs The English finally opened up West Indies trade to the U.S. The English finally opened up West Indies trade to the U.S. The French paid us compensation for ships and cargo seized prior to the War of 1812 with the Convention of 1831 The French paid us compensation for ships and cargo seized prior to the War of 1812 with the Convention of 1831 Now…Mexico… Now…Mexico…

22. Mexico Had gained its independence from Spain in early 1820’s Had gained its independence from Spain in early 1820’s Big U.S. migration to Mexico due the the Empressario System (like the Headright system: free land to settlers) Big U.S. migration to Mexico due the the Empressario System (like the Headright system: free land to settlers) Stephen Austin one of the first Stephen Austin one of the first

23. Great Migration By 1830 there were 20,000 Americans in Mexico By 1830 there were 20,000 Americans in Mexico BUT they were not happy: BUT they were not happy: Did not like to pay a tariff on U.S. goods Did not like to pay a tariff on U.S. goods Did not have self-government Did not have self-government 1829: Mexico outlawed slavery 1829: Mexico outlawed slavery

24. Mexico Americans in Texas area formed a provisional government Americans in Texas area formed a provisional government Santa Ana (Mexican dictator) Led the Mexican army against the Americans Santa Ana (Mexican dictator) Led the Mexican army against the Americans Americans in Texas (Mexico) declared their independence in 1836 Americans in Texas (Mexico) declared their independence in 1836

25. The War for Texas Independence 1836: Battle of the Alamo (big win for Mexico) 1836: Battle of the Alamo (big win for Mexico) 1836: Battle of the Goliad (big win for Mexico) 1836: Battle of the Goliad (big win for Mexico) 1836: Battle of San Jacinto (Americans won their independence by capturing Santa Ana) 1836: Battle of San Jacinto (Americans won their independence by capturing Santa Ana) Sam Houston: President of the Texas Republic asked for U.S. annexation Sam Houston: President of the Texas Republic asked for U.S. annexation

26. Texas Jackson would not consider annexing Texas Jackson would not consider annexing Texas Did not want to risk war with Mexico Did not want to risk war with Mexico Did not want to upset the Senate balance of free and slave states…Texas would enter as a slave state. Did not want to upset the Senate balance of free and slave states…Texas would enter as a slave state. Will be annexed by Tyler after election of Polk in 1844 Will be annexed by Tyler after election of Polk in 1844