1. Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis Honors Biology

2. Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) Proposed the theory of spontaneous generation
Also called abiogenesis
Idea that living things can arise from nonliving matter
Idea lasted almost 2000 years

4. Early Science
For centuries, people based their beliefs on their interpretations of what they saw going on in the world around them without testing their ideas
They didn’t use the scientific method to arrive at answers to their questions
Their conclusions were based on untested observations

5. Example of Observations
Observation: Every year in the spring, the Nile River flooded areas of Egypt along the river, leaving behind nutrient-rich mud that enabled the people to grow that year’s crop of food. However, along with the muddy soil, large numbers of frogs appeared that weren’t around in drier times

6. Example cont…
Conclusion: It was perfectly obvious to people back then that muddy soil gave rise to the frogs

7. John Needham
By 1745 an English scientist used microscopic observations to support the theory of abiogenesis.
To test the theory he boiled meat broth for several minutes in a loosely sealed flask. ( allow to cool down the flask)
Immediately after boiling he saw under the microscope that the broth had no living things.
After a few days he examined the flask and found microrganism.

8. John Needham Abiogenesis
Microorganisms

9. Disproving Spontaneous Generation

10. Francesco Redi (1668)
In 1668, Francesco Redi, an Italian physician, did an experiment with flies and wide-mouth jars containing meat

11. Redi’s Experiment Redi used open & closed flasks which contained meat.
His hypothesis was that rotten meat does not turn into flies.
He observed these flasks to see in which one(s) maggots would develop.

12. Redi’s (1626-1697) Experiments
Evidence against spontaneous generation: 1. Unsealed – maggots on meat 2. Sealed – no maggots on meat 3. Gauze – few maggots on gauze, none on meat

13. Redi’s Findings
He found that if a flask was closed with a lid so adult flies could not get in, no maggots developed on the rotting meat within.
In a flask without a lid, maggots soon were seen in the meat because adult flies had laid eggs and more adult flies soon appeared.

14. Did Redi Use the Scientific Method?

15. Lazzaro Spallanzani’s (1765)
Boiled soups for almost an hour and sealed containers by melting the slender necks closed.
The soups remained clear.
Later, he broke the seals & the soups became cloudy with microbes.

16. Spallanzani’s Results

17. Conclusion
Critics said sealed vials did not allow enough air for organisms to survive and that prolonged heating destroyed “vital force”
“Vital force” needed to life to form.
Therefore, spontaneous generation remained the theory of the time

18. Needham 1745
Spallanzani 1765

19. Louis Pasteur ( )

20. Pasteur's Experiment
Hypothesis: Microbes come from cells of organisms on dust particles in the air; not the air itself.
Pasteur put broth into several special S-shaped flasks
Each flask was boiled and placed at various locations

21. Pasteur's Experiment - Step 1
S-shaped Flask
Filled with broth
The special shaped was
intended to trap any dust particles containing
bacteria

22. Pasteur's Experiment - Step 2
Flasks boiled
Microbes Killed

23. Pasteur's Experiment - Step 3
Flask left at various locations
Did not turn cloudy
Microbes not found
Notice the dust that collected in the neck of the flask

24. Pasteur's Experimental Results

25. The Theory of Biogenesis 1864
Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.
Proved microbes only come from other microbes (life from life) - biogenesis

26. Review
Mr. Velázquez
Biology

27. Evidence Pro and Con
1668: Francisco Redi filled six jars with decaying meat.
Conditions: Results:
3 jars covered with fine net - No maggots
3 open jars - Maggots appeared
From where did the maggots come?
What was the purpose of the sealed jars?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

28. Evidence Pro and Con Conditions: Results:
1765: Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in flasks.
Conditions:
Results:
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed
No microbial growth
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

29. Evidence Pro and Con Conditions: Results:
1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.
Conditions:
Results:
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed
Microbial growth
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed
No microbial growth
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

30. Evolution Biological evolution Descent with modification
small-scale evolution
(changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next)
large-scale evolution 
(the descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations).

31. Chemical Evolution

32. Organic Evolution
Sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms

33. Aerobic heterotrophs & Photosynthetic autotrophs

35. Lamarck 1801 Theory of Acquired Characteristics Elephants Humans
Giraffes
Evolution is a predestined plan
Results decided

36. Darwin Organisms are all different
Those with variations which help them survive in their environment will survive & reproduce
Those that aren’t able to adapt to their environment die off
No plan for evolution

37. Darwin Natural Selection Survival of the fittest
Species that have adapted characteristics which are favorable to their environment pass those adaptations on to their offspring
Survival of the fittest
individuals adapted to environment will survive…speciation…changes to a species over time
Survival of the fittest is meant in terms of the environment…
Basis for Natural Selection or how evolution occurs over time

38. Types of Selection Stabilizing Selection
Favors average phenotype and selects against the extreme
Seen with mice and robins
Disruptive / Diversifying Selection
Select for two or more phenotypes which have an advantage
Intermediate phenotypes are less fit than extremes
Seen in species with multiple male mating partners (lobster)
Directional Selection
Selection for one end of spectrum or the other based on environmental changes
Peppered moths

42. Mechanisms of Change Mutation
A mutation could cause parents with genes for bright green coloration to have offspring with a gene for brown coloration.
That would make genes for brown coloration more frequent in the population than they were before the mutation.

43. Mechanisms for Change Migration
Some individuals from a population of brown beetles might have joined a population of green beetles.
That would make genes for brown coloration more frequent in the green beetle population than they were before the brown beetles migrated into it.

44. Mechanisms for Change Genetic Drift
Imagine that in one generation, two brown beetles happened to have four offspring survive to reproduce.
Several green beetles were killed when someone stepped on them and had no offspring.
The next generation would have a few more brown beetles than the previous generation — but just by chance.
These chance changes from generation to generation are known as genetic drift.

45. Courtship Rituals
Sexual Dimorphism
Males v Females

46. Types of equilibrium
Punctuated
Gradualism
Catastrophism

47. Punctuated Equilibrium
Once species appear in the fossil record they will become stable, showing little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history.

48. Gradualism
slow accumulation of subtle changes

49. Catastrophism
Earth has been affected by sudden, short-lived, violent events that were sometimes worldwide in scope. 
Great Flood
Asteroid & Extinction of Dinosaurs

50. Malthus Principle of Population
hunger and disease were aspects of life implemented by God to stop populations from exploding
competitive nature of life 
Thomas Malthus warned that population growth would exceed resource growth
Without population control, the population would be reduced by catastrophes such as famine or war according to Malthusian theory.

51. Wallace
Co discovered Natural Selection based on work in Australian – Indonesian Region
Precursor to modern Intelligent Design Theory
Intelligent evolution is directed, detectably designed, and purposeful common descent

52. Lyell
contributed significantly to Darwin's thinking on the processes involved in evolution.
published evidence from geology of the time man had existed on Earth.
Proposed “Law of Uniformitarianism”
same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe.