1. Modifications of roots, stems and leaves Roots: A. Bulbs and tubers for storage of food

2. B. Prop roots: Provide additional anchorage and support for the plant. Corn

3. C. For vital functions: Haustoria or sucking roots of Cuscuta Get nutrients from the host plant

4. Respiratory roots or Pneumatophores Spongy outgrowths of roots below. Help gases diffuse through pores on the upper end of the roots

5. Floating roots – help plant float and also with respiration.

6. Aerial roots - Not parasitic Help absorb moisture from the air and make it available to the plant.

7. 2. Stems: A.Storage of food – Example tubers in potatoes, Sweet potatoes B. Bulbs in onions

8. Corms in Crocus:

9. B. For climbing:

10. C. Asexual reproduction Stolon

11. D. Cladodes or cladophylls: Store water and help the plant with photosynthesis Stem

12. 3. Leaves: Modified to spines or thorns for protection against predators and to minimize water loss through transpiration.

13. Thick cuticle to store water such as the Agave plant found in the desert.

14. Pine trees have needle-like leaves to adapt to the cold climate. Thick waxy epidermis protects from cold damage. Sunken stomata reduce water loss.

15. Adhesive disc/Hold fast – use for climbing. Example – Boston ivy

16. Specialized, highly colored leaf below the flower to lure pollinators. Called a bract. Example: Poinsettia and dogwood Flower Floral bracts

18. Thorns – Protection – Example Roses, Pyracantha

19. Tendrils – Used for climbing or to attach to objects. Example: Virginia creeper, Peas, Grapes

20. Leaves modified to lure, trap and digest insects. Examples: Pitcher plant, Venus fly trap, Drosera Insects provide extra nitrogen to the plants. http://natgeotv.com/ca/built-for-the-kill/videos/plants_eating_bugs

21. Succulent leaves – Lithops ‘ Living stones’