1. VIRUS STRUCTURE A virus is not made of cells It is nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat (capsid) Virus can’t reproduce unless it is inside a living cell The virus uses the cells enzymes and ribosomes to make DNA and protein New viruses either bud off of the cell or the cell bursts, releasing lots of viruses Viral reproduction

4. MEANS “TRUE” BACTERIA COMMON, EVERYDAY BACTERIA DECOMPOSERS CAN CAUSE DISEASE

5. Lacks a nucleus Has a cell wall used for support and protection Have cilia or flagella

6. Bacteria Made of cells Can be killed by antibiotics Examples of disease caused by bacteria is strep throat Not made of cells MUCH SMALLER THAN CELLS Can’t be killed by antibiotics Example of diseases caused by viruses are AIDS (HIV), Smallpox, Influenza Virus

8. Malaria Mosquitoes transmit malaria Individuals who have the sickle cell trait (heterozygous) aren’t as affected as homozygous individuals PKU Individuals who have PKU can’t break down phenylalanine If it builds up it can cause mental retardation Keep individuals with PKU on a diet, they don’t have brain damage Lung Cancer Lung cancer is uncontrolled growth of cells in the lungs Individuals who smoke are more likely to get lung cancer Diabetes Diabetes results from when the pancreas fails to make enough insulin Individuals who are overweight and who don’t exercise seem to be more affected Skin Cancer Light skinned people don’t have the natural melanin protection of darker skinned people Overexposure to sunlight can trigger the changes that lead to skin cancer

9. B-cells White blood cell Make antibodies T- helper cells White blood cell Help coordinate immune response T-killer cells White blood cell Kill virus infected cell

10. Passive Immunity Person does NOT make memory cells or antibodies Antibodies only are transferred Doesn’t provide long- term protection Natural: from breastfeeding Artificial: Rabies “shot” Person DOES make antibodies AND memory cells Provides long term immunity Natural: you have disease Artificial – you get a VACCINATION Active Immunity

11. LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

12. Methanogens: Do not need O 2 (anaerobic) Live in thick mud and digestive tracts of animals.

13. Halophiles: Live only in environments with lots of salt. Ex. Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea

14. Thermophiles: Live in hot, boiling water. Ex. Hot springs, deep sea vents

15. EUKARYOTES UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR AUTOTROPHIC AND HETEROTROPHIC

16. Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis and an eyespot to help with detection of light.

17. Amoeba: move by the use of pseudopodia (false feet) Zooflagellates: Move by use of flagella

18. EUKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR OR MULTICELLULAR HETEROTROPHS (DECOMPOSERS)

19. Lichen Symbiotic association between fungus and photosynthetic organism. Photosynthetic organism provides a source of energy Fungus provides water, minerals and protection

22. EUKARYOTIC AUTOTROPHIC MULTICELLULAR

23. Bryophytes Non-vascular No xylem or phloem Examples are mosses They are small Have to be near water No pollen, seeds, flowers, or fruits Gymnosperms Vascular Xylem to move water Phloem to move food Examples are conifers Have pollen (sperm) Have seeds on cones No fruits or flowers Angiosperms Vascular Xylem to move water Phloem to move food Examples are flowering plants like oak trees, corn, and roses Have pollen (sperm) Have seeds in fruits Have flowers

24. Root, stem, leaf Roots are adapted to absorb water with root hairs Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis by being flat and green Stems move water with xylem Flowers have bright petals to attract pollinators Pollen (sperm) can be transferred by animals When egg joins with pollen, a seed is formed in the ovary The ovary becomes the fruit Fruit surrounds and protects seed Fruit also helps get baby plants in seeds away from parent plant Flowers and Fruits

25. Xylem Transports water up from the roots Phloem Transports sugars down from the leaves

26. EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULAR HETEROTROPHIC

27. Annelids Segmented worms No backbone “Breathe” through skin External fertilization External development Insects No backbone Three body segments Six legs Wings External fertilization External development Metamorphosis Amphibians Have backbone Moist skin Gills when young, lungs when adult Three chambered heart Cold-blooded External fertilization External development Metamorphosis Jelly-like egg Mammals Backbone Hair Milk glands Lungs Four-chambered heart Warm-blooded Internal fertilization Internal development