2. Recent Major Earthquakes Oct. 7, 2005: Pakistan, India and Afghanistan, magnitude 7.6; more than 18,000 killed Dec. 26, 2004: Indian Ocean, magnitude 9; more than 174,000 people killed, another 106,000 missing Dec. 26, 2003: Southeastern Iran, Bam, magnitude 6.5; more than 26,000 killed May 21, 2003: Northern Algeria, magnitude 6.8; nearly 2,300 killed

3. Map showing highest risk of earthquake activity.

4. Earthquake Detecting Devise in Ancient China in 132 AD 张衡 Zhang, Heng 78-139 AD The earliest Seismometer 地动仪

5. Modern Seismometer Modern seismometer also utilize the seismic -wave and ground motion to detect earth -quake Earliest designs of Western seismometers used the similar principles as Chinese design (the mass-frame contrast design) Now, the detections are done electronically

6. Prediction of Earthquakes Unfortunately, we do not have a reliable way to make short term prediction yet; One of the well known success of earthquake prediction happened in China, HaiCheng Earthquake (1975) One of the most disastrous earthquake in last century also happened in China, TangShan Earthquake (1976)

7. 海城 （ 1975 ） HaiCheng Earthquake Richter 7.3 2000 deaths 唐山 (1976) TangShan Earthquake, Richter 7.8 242,400 deaths

8. Why such Huge Difference? HaiCheng earthquake had various forewarnings in the preceding months: 1) Change in the land elevation and in the ground water level 2) Wildspread reports of peculiar animal behaviors 3) Increasing foreshock activities The prediction in HaiCheng was made just 1 day in advance No forewarnings for TangShan earthquake

9. Modify Vulnerability Prediction and Warning

10. Common Prediction Methods Animal behavior Seismic electrical signal measurements Earthquake “nucleation” phase detection Geochemical measurements Statistical analysis of seismicity

11. Animal Behaviour Research suggests that some animals, such as fish, can sense earthquake before hand

12. Modify the Event Hazard Resistant Design

13. LEDC Low cost aseismic design

14. MEDC aseismic design

16. Current GeoHazards International projects bring earthquake safety and awareness to India and Central Asia

17. INDIA GeoHazards International (GHI) is working in India with support from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to reduce earthquake risk in several cities there.

18. Shimla is located along a ridge in the northwestern Himalayas. Its precarious location in an earthquake-prone region, combined with weak construction techniques and a rapidly growing population, put Shimla at serious risk of earthquake disaster.

21. Buildings and roads in Shimla have been constructed on slopes as steep as 70- 80%.

22. New construction is underway..... but old problems continue. Shimla’s population has grown from 770 in 1901 to over 700,000 in 2001. New construction for the ever-increasing population exhibits the same structural problems as existing weak buildings.

24. The Shimla community will draft an earthquake risk mitigation plan with help from GHI.

25. mobile simulation room to raise citizen awareness and encourage both structural and non-structural mitigation for earthquake safety.

26. Community Preparedness Management of emergency services

27. Damaged buildings Open roads Blocked roads Searched buildings

28. Tracked emergency vehicles

29. Robo Rat

30. Awareness of the public

36. Modify the Loss Aid

37. Insurance