1. Compositional Language(s) Instructor: Prof. SIGMAN Tuesday 13:00-15:00 Lecture III

2. Announcements Assignement I submission? Course website: www.lxsigman.com/clgfall2012/index.htm www.lxsigman.com/clgfall2012/index.htm Missing email addresses!!

3. 0. Review: Typical Musical Parameters Pitch ( 고 저 ) Rhythm (Pulse/Meter) Melody Harmony ( 학 성 ) Dynamic Register Timbre ( 음 색 ) Texture ( 결 ) Orchestration

4. I. The Harmony of the Spheres

5. A. Pythagoras Sun, Moon and Planets: emit resonances Frequency = speed of revolutions Musical ratios ( 비 율 )

6. B. Plato Harmony of the soul’s proportions = harmony of the universe (e.g.: Timaeus dialogue)

7. C. Boethius (480-525 AD) Musica mundana: music of the universe Musica humana: music of the human body Musica quae in quibusdam constituta est instrumentis: sounds made by singers ( 가수 ) and instrumentalists ( 역 주 자 ) all in agreement with each other

8. D. The Harmony of the Spheres: Realisation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EFZuzgcI zY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EFZuzgcI zY Harmonic series ratios (of Pythagoras and later Kepler) = ratios between 2+ sounding frequencies 2+ frequencies sounding at the same time = harmony Musica universalis = components of single tone and multiple resonating tones

9. II. Common Practice Harmony

10. A. The Common Practice Period The period between ca. 1600-1900 is known (in English) as the common practice period. It is the period during which tonality ( 음 샘 ) was dominant in Western Europe

11. B. Definition of Tonality Tonal harmony ≠ tertian ( 삼 일 열 ) harmony! These pieces use triads, but NOT tonal syntax: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqdxtFJx4 7Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqdxtFJx4 7Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuJLAZf5 nxE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuJLAZf5 nxE

12. C. Tonal Syntax vs. Linguistic Syntax Syntax ( 구 문 론 ) in natural language ( 언 어 ) = a set of rules ( 규 정 ) for ordering words ( 단 어 )in a sentence based upon function (part of speech) ( 명 사, 동사, etc.) Syntax in tonal harmony = a set of rules for ordering chords ( 한 음 ) based upon function Rules allow for ambiguity ( 모호 )

13. D. Tonal Function Categories Tonic Dominant Pre-Dominant

14. E. Tonal Function Rules 1) Tonic -> Anywhere 2) Dominant -> Tonic; 3) Pre-dominant -> Other Predominant; -> Dominant E.g.: V-> IV-> I = retrogression = ILLEGAL!

15. III. Analysis

16. A. Inversions: Symbols and Reference 1st inversion: “six-three” 2 nd inversion: “six-four” Figured bass symbols

17. B. Triad Qualities Major Minor Augmented Diminished

18. C. Seventh Chord Qualities Major Dominant Minor Half Diminished Fully Diminished

19. Seventh Chord Inversions Root Position 1 st Inversion 2 nd Inversion 3 rd Inversion

20. D. Tonicisation NOT modulation Approached via secondary dominant Return to original key, or continuation to new key areas Context: Typical of sequences ( 일 련 ), episodes in fugues and sonata development sections occurs on pivot ( 회 전 죽 ) chord (analysed in both original and new key)

21. Pivot Example

22. E. Modulation ( 조 장 ) “in” a key Longer time spent in new key than for tonicisation Context: sonata exposition modulates from I/i-> new key Occurs on pivot chord

23. F. Cadences Phrygian VI-> V (in minor ONLY)

24. Cadences: PAC vs. IAC

25. III. Non-Chord Tones (NCT) Passing tone (PT) Upper/lower neighbour (UN/LN) Suspension (SUS) Retardation (RET) Appoggiatura (APP) Echappée (escape tone) (ET) Anticipation

26. A. Commonalities All are dissonances ( 불협화음 ) All resolve to chord tones Types of ornamentation ( 장 식 )

27. B. Passing Tone

28. C. Upper Neighbour/Lower Neighbour

29. C. Suspension Preparation Suspension Resolution Resolves downwards

30. Suspension Types 9-8 7-6 4-3 2-3 (BASS ONLY)

31. Suspension Examples

32. D Retardation Suspension, but resolves upwards Typically found at cadences in minor keys

33. E. Appoggiatura Approached by leap (if unaccented) Approached by step (in accented Resolved by step Common ornamentation in Baroque and early Classical works

34. F. Echappée (escape tone) Approached by step Resolved by leap Inverse of appoggiatura

35. G. Anticipation