1. “The Clash of Civilizations ” 2006 TO TODAY @LIKH@N 1

2. The Hypothesis (1)World politics is entering a new phase in the wake of the end of the Cold War (2)The “fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. (3)The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be Religious Cultural identities ”. 2

3. Conflict in Modern History Conflict in the modern era, for Huntington, has been largely a sequence of; (a)conflicts between princes (what we will study as the “Westphalia system”), then (b)conflicts between nation-states (after the French revolution), then (c)conflicts between ideologies (during the Cold War) 3

4. Underlying Assumptions Huntington is reproducing what we might call a ‘neo-Hegelian’ view of history (history as unfolding through conflict) Assumes that the end of the Cold War is a defining moment in history, “a tipping point” Assumes that civilizations are fairly fixed over time 4

5. The Contemporary Era For Huntington, this means that international politics, hitherto, was in a western phase; non-western civilizations were the objects of history, the targets of western colonialism. In the post-Cold War, they “join the West as the movers and shapers of history”. 5

6. Civilizations and History In this view, contemporary civilizations represent the product of a long process of ‘identity formation’ Identity Crisis/will produce inevitable conflict between different civilizations Read in this fashion, the “clash of civilizations” represents the closing of a parenthesis in world history. 6

7. What is a Civilization? Three attributes: objective, subjective, and dynamic. (1)Objective elements include language, history, religion, customs, institutions (2)Subjective elements include variable levels of self-identification (3)Civilizations are dynamic; they rise and fall, divide and merge 7

8. What is a civilization? Largest entity with which person can identify short of humanity Defined by common ancestry, values, language, and/or religion Major civilizations ◦Sinic/Chinese, Japanese, Hindu, Western, Slavic-Orthodox, Islam ◦Latin America and Africa candidates for civilization 8

9. Civilizations, based on Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations".  Western  Hispanidad/Latin AmericanHispanidad  Japanese  Sinic  Hindu  Islamic  Orthodox  African  Buddhist 9

10. Why will civilizations clash? (1)Differences between civilizations are more fundamental and enduring than ideological or political differences. (2)Interactions between civilizations are increasing. (3)Economic modernization and social change are separating people from longstanding identities; they weaken the nation-state as a source of identity. (4)The rest of the world is increasingly willing to define itself in non-Western ways. 10

11. (continued) (5)Cultural characteristics are less alterable and less easily compromised than political and economic ones. (6)Economic regionalism is increasing, which will increase “civilization consciousness”. (7)Common culture, Huntington argues, may be a prerequisite for economic integration. 11

12. The Two Levels of the Clash At the micro level, groups clash along the “fault lines” of adjacent civilizations At the macro level, states from different civilizations compete for political and economic power. Conflict manifests itself in two forms: fault line conflicts and core state conflicts. 12

13. Core state and fault line conflicts Fault line conflicts are on a local level and occur between adjacent states belonging to different civilizations or within states that are home to populations from different civilizations. Core state conflicts are on a global level between the major states of different civilizations. Core state conflicts can arise out of fault line conflicts when core states become involved. These conflicts may result from a number of causes, such as: ◦relative influence or power (military or economic), discrimination against people from a different civilization, ◦intervention to protect kinsmen in a different civilization, or different values and culture, particularly when one civilization attempts to impose its values on people of a different civilization. 13

14. The “kin-country syndrome” Groups or states becoming involved in a war with groups or states from another civilization will attempt to rally other groups or states from their own civilization behind their cause. Examples may be, the Gulf War, the former Soviet Union in the Caucasus, and Yugoslavia. 14

15. The West versus the Rest? Talk of “the world community” and the “free world” is, according to Huntington, a thin veneer for the domination of global affairs by western interests. The West sees its values as universalist (meaning that they are applicable to everyone, irrespective of civilization). International institutions based on these values are merely tools for maintaining and promoting western values and domination. 15

16. Torn countries? Some countries are torn over which civilization their country belongs to (Russia, Mexico, Turkey). They can redefine their identity on three conditions; (1)A supportive elite (2)Acquiescent masses (3)Willingness from the dominant civilization 16

17. The Biggest Challenge to the West? The biggest challenge to the West will come from an emerging Confucian-Islamic connection, primarily concentrated around the asserted right to develop and deploy NBC weapons (counter to the western value of non-proliferation). 17

18. Implications Nation-states may not disappear, singular civilizations will not become the norm. But; (1)Civilization-consciousness is increasing and will become the dominant source of conflict (2)The west will need to strengthen its own civilization to meet the challenge (3)The West will need to better understand other civilizations and seek to define areas of potential co-existence 18

19. Huntington’s Argument Traditional sources of state conflict moving back ◦Territory, economic benefits, ideology Politics of identity replacing politics of interest Main competing groups no longer states, classes or ideologies but civilizations 19

20. Responces 20

21. Relations among Civilizations Changing No longer defined by Western influence on other civilizations West declining ◦economic slowdown, population decline, internal decay, loss of identity Sinic and Islamic civilizations mounting ◦Economic success of Asia ◦Demographic explosion in Islamic world Balance of power shifting 21

22. Why Civilizations Will Clash Difference real and basic World smaller due to globalization Nation-state as source of identity weaker Fundamentalist religion stronger Backlash against West enhances civilization consciousness Economic regionalism growing Western policies make worse the relations ◦Non-proliferation, human rights, immigration, others 22

23. It will not happen Civilization identities not only identities Nation states will not disappear Civilizations not coherent or conflict-free Differences among civilizations is real Civilization-consciousness growing Civilization conflict will be dominant global form of conflict Major axis of relations between “West and Rest” No universal civilization possible 23

24. Other Post-Cold War Views  One Harmonious World  triumph of liberal democracy, end of major power warfare, interdependence and peace  Two Worlds: Us and Them  North-South; rich-poor, Have have not  193 States – The Realist View  State system dominates global relations  Sheer Chaos  Kaplan’s “Coming Anarchy the world would ever get to Utopia. The new struggles were no longer neatly ideological, but cultural and historicalUtopia 24

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26. In brief, the clash of civilisations is an inevitable matter. It existed in the past, exists now and will remain until the clash ends shortly before the Hour, since it does not come except upon the worst of creation. 26

27. Reasons This struggle between the Western civilisation and Islamic civilisation is manifested in many styles including: 1. Dominance over the media apparatus and directing them for the benefit of the Capitalist civilisation. 2. Dominance over the education syllabi at all its levels in order to spread the Western concepts, distort and fight some of the concepts of Islamic civilisation and forge the history of Muslims. 3. Establishing schools and universities directly supervised by Westerners. 4. Setting up parties that adopt Western civilisation and call for it, and which are protected by the West and its moderate progressive friends. 27

28. Cont…. 5. Sponsoring those whom they call the elite, educated and intellectuals, focusing light upon them and promoting them, so that they become the leaders of thought in the countries of the Islamic world. 6. Funding the educational scholarships and courses in their various types, to choose those suitable to become their intellectual or political agents, or agents i.e. spies. 7. Founding institutions, clubs and centres specialised in spreading their poison, and spending generously upon them. 28

29. Concluding Remarks  Some Events Challenge it  Unclear how to distinguish civilizations  Globalization can lead to convergence and synthesis of cultures  Not all cultures aspire to imperial power  Overstates West’s decline  Exaggerates Islam’s militancy  Major conflicts within civilizations  Economic cooperation across civilizations  Lack of democratic institutions is real problem in Islamic world 29

30. It is not a Clash of Civilization It is Conflict of Interests: Economic, Political, Military Conflict may be in the name of Culture 30

31. Western universalism—that is, the view that all civilizations should adopt Western values—that infuriate Islamic fundamentalists. The political party Hizb ut-Tahrir also reiterate Huntington's views in their published book, The Inevitability of Clash of CivilisationHizb ut-Tahrir 31