1. Technology and Industrial Growth By Mrs. Brown
Triumph of Industry
Technology and Industrial Growth
By Mrs. Brown

2. Bellringer 1:
Make a list of inventions of the period.
Which one was most important to American society?
Give reasons for your choice.

3. Learning Targets… I Can…
Analyze the factors that led to the industrialization of the United States in the late 1800s.
Explain how new inventions and innovations changed Americans’ lives.
Describe the impact of industrialization in the late 1800s.

4. Section Focus Question:
How did industrialization and new technology affect the economy and society?
Witness History (CD2 #30)
Celebrating the Nation’s Centennial
“Song of the Exposition” by Walt Whitman
Why was the Centennial Exhibition so popular?
Why might it represent a turning point for the United States?

5. Changes in Daily Life Daily life in 1865
Indoor electric lighting or refrigeration did not exist.
Ice blocks were sawed out of ponds, packed in sawdust and stored in icehouses.
Mail took 10 days to three weeks to reach from east coast to Midwest to the west. News from Europe to the frontier took months.

6. Natural Resources Fuel Growth
Coal mines along the eastern seaboard provided fuel to power steam locomotives and factories.
Forests provided lumber for construction.
Navigable river ways transported goods

7. First Oil Well
1859 Edwin Drake drilled the world’s first oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania.
Before Drake’s invention, oil, was mainly obtained from boiling down whale blubber.

9. Capitalism Encourages Entrepreneurs
1868 Horatio Alger published the novel, Ragged Dick, or Street Life in New York.
It was the rags to riches story of a poor boy who achieved fame and wealth through hard work.
This idea depended on the system of capitalism.
Heroes of the system were entrepreners.

10. 2. Daily life in 1900
The patent and trademark office issued 36,000 patents between 1790 and 1860.
Between 1860 and ,000 patents were issued for inventions such as the typewriter, sewing machine and phonograph.
Phonograph

11. Thomas Edison
Edison did not invent the light bulb but improved on a 50-year-old idea.
1876 Edison, supported by industrialist like J.P. Morgan established a research library at Menlo Park, New Jersey

12. Thomas Edison
Edison had only a few months of formal education would receive more than 1000 patents for new inventions

13. Thomas Edison
European investors and American business leaders began to invest heavily in new inventions.
By 1900 Americans’ standard of living was among the highest in the world as was the nation’s industrial productivity.

14. Railroads Improve Transportation
The Transcontinental Railroad
The transcontinental railroad was the key event in the great improvement of the rail business after the Civil War. (Extending coast to coast)
Government involvement was vital.
The federal government awarded huge loans and land grants to two private companies.

15. Near Promontory Point http://www.utahcrossroads.org/F1097_16.htm
The Central Pacific Railroad began moving eastward out of Sacramento.
The Union Pacific Railroad began work toward the west in Omaha.
Most of the workers were immigrants: Irish or Chinese
After seven years, On May 10, 1869, the final golden spike was hammer in Promontory Point, Utah.
Near Promontory Point

16. 2. Rail Problems and Solutions
2. Rail Problems and Solutions
·  By 1870 railroads could carry goods and passengers from coast to coast.
·  Steel rails replaced iron rails, and track gauges and signals became standard.
·  In 1869 George Westinghouse developed more effective air brakes.
·  In 1887 Granville Woods patented a telegraph system for communicating with moving trains.
Meatpacker, Gustavus Swift developed refrigerated cars for transporting food.
Granville Woods

17. 3. Rail Roads and Time Zones
·  In the 1800s most towns set their clocks independently according to solar time.
In 1884, 27 countries divided the globe into 24 time zones – one for each hour of the day.
The railroad adopted this system.
·   By the end of the century, some 190,000 miles of rails linked businesses and their customers.
·   Shipping costs dropped enormously.
·    In 1865 shipping a barrel of flour from Chicago to New York cost $ In 1895 it cost 68 cents.

18. Advances in Communication
The Telegraph
Samuel F.B. Morse perfected and took out a patent on the telegraph.
Morse devised a code of short and long electrical impulses to represent the letters of the alphabet.
He sent his first message in 1844.
Self-Portrait

19. 2. The Telephone
· Alexander Graham Bell of Scotland patented the “talking telegraph” on March 7, He had just turned 29.
· That same year President Rutherford B. Hayes had a telephone installed at the White House.

20. The Telephone
By 1900, there were more than 100,000 miles of telegraph wire linked across America.
1896 Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph.
Future inventors would develop the radio based on this innovation.

21. Electric Power Edison, A master of invention
Born in 1847, Edison grew up tinkering with electricity.
Edison’s favorite invention, the phonograph, recorded sounds on metal foil wrapped around a rotating cylinder.
His goal was to develop affordable, in home lighting to replace oil lamps and gaslights.

22. 2. Westinghouse and alternating current
·  1n 1885 George Westinghouse began to experiment with alternating current, which could be produced and transmitted more cheaply and efficiently.
·  Westinghouse also used a device called a transformer to boost power levels at a station so that electricity could be sent over long distances.

23. 1st Light – Lighting Main Street
·  Westinghouse’s system made home use of electricity practical.
·  By the early 1890’s, investors had used Edison’s and Westinghouse’s ideas and inventions to create two companies, general electric and Westinghouse electric.
1st Light – Lighting Main Street

24. 3. Electricity’s Impact on Daily Life
·  
Electricity made the refrigerator possible, transformed the world of work and created new jobs.
The electric sewing machine, first made in 1889, led to the rapid growth of the clothing industry.

25. Turning Point: The Bessemer Process
In 1856 in England, Henry Bessemer received the first patent for the Bessemer process.
Steel had long been produced by melting iron, adding carbon, and removing impurities.
The Bessemer process made it much easier and cheaper to remove the impurities.

26. Steel is lighter, stronger, and more flexible than iron.
Steel is lighter, stronger, and more flexible than iron.
The Bessemer process made possible the mass production of steel.
By 1890, the US was outproducing British steel manufacturers.

27. Witness History:
CD 2 #29
The March of American Progress – The Brooklyn Eagle
How do you think the completion of this bridge changed the lives of the people living around it?

28. The Brooklyn Bridge
The only way to travel between Brooklyn and Manhattan was by ferry across the east river.
John A. Roebling, a German immigrant designed a suspension bridge with thick steel cables suspended from high towers to hold up the main span.

29. Brooklyn Bridge
Disasters plagued this massive project. Roebling died, his son then in charge was disabled with “the bends”. Explosions, fires, and dishonest dealings by a greedy steel-cable contractor also occurred.
images/brooklyn_manhattan_bridge_26may02.jpg

30. 2. A Symbol of American Success
The Brooklyn bridge was completed and opened on May 24, 1883.
Its inventive genius and hard work stood plainly visible for all the world to see.
Witness History: CD 2 #29
The March of American Progress
The Brooklyn Eagle
How do you think the completion of this bridge changed the lives of the people living around it?

31. The Impact of Industrialization
Linked World Markets
US exports of grain, steel, and textiles dominated international markets
Changed American Society
Industry altered how Americans lived and worked
Concern about the Environment
1872 Yellowstone National Park was created in response to concerns

32. Textbook Resources: Read Major Inventions of the 1800s on page 102
Read and study Focus on Geography on page Answer the two Geography and History questions in the green box.

33. Exit Slip:
Why did industry continue to expand after the civil war? P101
Why would a patent encourage the work of inventors? P102
How did the Bessemer process affect transportation? P103
How did industrialization change the population of U.S. cities and rural areas? p106
How did industrialization affect people’s relationship with their environment? p106