1. English for International Relations

2. Reference English for Academic Purposes II (University of Indonesia). Understanding and Using English Grammar. Betty Scharampfer Azar. Third Edition.

3. Second Part of Semester 2 Objectives: Academic Writing (Essay) Reading and Vocabulary Building Grammar (Advanced Level)

4. This Session Goal: The structure of a paragraph Assignment: 1. Writing exercise 2. Reading and Vocabulary Building

5. Code of Conduct Students are allowed and welcomed to ask questions/comments during the class. Chatting or talking during the class is not permitted.

6. letter (a,b,c,d,…..) Word (book, cat, dog,…) Phrase (red book, ugly cat, cute dog,….) Sentence (I have a red book) Paragraph Essay

7. Paragraph Each paragraph discuss one idea/claim. The idea/claim is often stated in the topic sentence. The most common place of the topic sentence is at the beginning of the paragraph. The topic sentence tell the reader what the paragraph is going to be about.

8. Topic sentence Contains words that need to be explained, described, and supported in the sentences that follow in the paragraph. These words are called controlling ideas because they control the information that is given in the paragraph.

9. Example Bali is the best place to take vacation. (The supporting sentences will be detail description of the underlined controlling idea)

10. Topic Sentence Because controlling idea are words which readers can ask questions that they expect will be answered in the paragraph, topic sentence should not simply be a statement of facts. Example: Christmas is celebrated on December 25 th.

11. Exercise: Choose the best topic statement for the following paragraph: …………………………………………….. Many of the buses need repair work. City officials say there is not enough money to fix them. They will borrow money from the state. a.The city needs the money. b.The city needs money to fix the buses. c.The state has lots of money.

12. Supporting Sentences Add details to the topic sentence Must be relevant with the topic sentence Must be relevant with the other supporting sentences

13. Supporting Sentences Techniques 1.Reason and Evidence Bali is the best place to take vacation. Bali has a lot of beautiful places such as beaches, monkey forest, zoo park, volcanoes, lakes, and cultural heritages. Millions of foreign tourists come to Bali to visit those tourist objects. Most of them enjoy their vacation and decide to visit Bali again.

14. 2. Facts: Milk is one of the most important sources of nutrition for human beings and animals. It is the first food provided for newborn babies because milk contains a lot of calcium and nutrition that is easily digestible. Milk contain 5 % carbohidrate, 3.3 % protein, 4 % fat, and many vitamins.

15. 3. Physical Description Word or phrases that appeal to the five senses: sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste. Balinese food has a unique flavor. It has a strong spicy taste. If you try for the first time, your face will become red for 5 minutes.

16. The building in Japan is so strong. It has great structures. It is built by strong steel.

17. 4. Personal Experience The government administration in Indonesia is not effective. When I make my ID card, I have to pass 3 different offices. First, I have to report to the village chief. Second, I need to meet the head of the sub district. Third, I need to meet the head of the civil administration agency.

18. 5. Other credible sources (expert, poll, research, media, testimony) Our planet surely will face uncertain climate in the future. Scientist and many international organization have proved that ice in the north and south poles have been melting and gives effect to the rise of sea level. Scientist believe that the reduction of iceberg in the two poles reduce the capacity of the earth to bounce back the heat and radiation from the sun. Hence, slowly but surely, the temperature of the earth will rise.

19. Assignment A.Write a paragraph on any topic that you are familiar with! 1. Identify the topic sentence! 2. Identify the controlling idea! 3. Identify the supporting sentences! B. Reading assignment: 1. Write in your assignment notebook any new vocabularies in the reading! There will be a quiz next week on these vocabularies. 2. Find the topic sentence in each paragraph! 3. Find the controlling ideas in each paragrah!