1. Chapter 21 East Africa

2. Environmental Characteristics: Tropical and temperate savanna Tropical rainforest Great Rift Valley Very Dry (lower-lying lands of northern Kenya and Greater Somalia are )

3. Positive Attributes: Good cattle lands Great lakes (Albert, Tanganyika, Malawi, Victoria) Coastal Region (ideal for trade)

4. Challenging Attributes: Unreliable rainfall Constant fear of drought Famine War and civil unrest No regional community (The Horn)

5. The Great Rift Valley

6. Great Rift Valley

7. The Great Rift Valley Located in Eastern Africa Largest Rift Valley in the world Caused by the diverging Indian Tectonic Plate Surrounding lakes and rivers are very deep

8. Great Rift Valley A rift valley is a crack in the Earth’s surface and is a defining feature of the East African landscape. The Great Rift Valley is made up of two branches. The Western Rift Valley cuts through Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda. The Western Rift Valley is where Lake Tanganyika is found, which is one of the longest and deepest freshwater lakes in the world. The Eastern Rift Valley cuts through Tanzania, Kenya, and Ethiopia. The Eastern Rift Valley has Africa’s two major mountains: Kilimanjaro and Kenya.

9. # 4,000 miles long # The Great Rift Valley is rich in minerals and metals # Good soil for farming # Because of volcanic ash there are well preserved bones and the world’s oldest human fossils have been found there

11. Mountains of East Africa

12. Volcanoes Near rift valleys Eastern Congo Mt. Kenya Mt. Kilimanjaro…

13. Mountains Sub-Saharan Africa does not have large mountain ranges, but there are several tall mountains that are volcanoes. In East Africa, the mountains are found in the Eastern Highlands, part of the Ethiopian Plateau. The tallest mountain is Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania at 19,341 feet. The second tallest mountain is Mt. Kenya at 17,058 feet.

14. Mount Kilimanjaro  Africa’s most recognized feature  Tallest mountain in Africa  Famous snow cap is disappearing (Will be gone in a few years)

15. Mount Kilimanjaro: Africa’s highest mountain at 19,341 feet Located on the Equator in Tanzania near Kenya Formed by volcanic activity from the Great Rift Valley Only year round snow capped mountain in Africa Known in Swahili as “Shining Mountain”

16. Mt. Kenya

17. Ruwenzori Mountains This is another mountain range found in East Africa. It divides Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This mountain range is covered with snow and cloaked in clouds. It’s nickname is the “Mountains of the Moon.”

18. Lakes of East Africa

20. Rift Valleys Often have long, narrow lakes

21. Lake Victoria  Africa’s largest lake by area  largest tropical lake in the world  world's second largest freshwater lake by surface area  Africa's largest inland fishery

22. Lake Victoria Second largest freshwater lake in the world Covers an areas of 26,828 square miles. It is located along the borders of Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya between the Eastern and Western Rift Valleys. It was formed over 10,000 years ago. Lake Victoria lies at the headwaters of the White Nile River. It is a shallow lake with a depth of only 270 feet. Has provided means of transportation between Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania with ferry ports in each country. It is nearly twice the size of Lake Tanganyika.

23. Lake Victoria Located in the middle of the Great Rift Valley of Eastern Africa It is a shallow depression Largest lake in Africa

24. Lake Tanganyika Is found in the Western Rift Valley. It is one of the deepest freshwater lakes in the world. It is located between Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Both Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika are surrounded by rich soil and are known for abundant fishing. These characteristics have resulted in the area around both lakes to be heavily populated.

25. Lake Turkana It is found in Kenya along the northern border in Ethiopia. It is a source of growing wind-power and hydroelectric industries in Kenya. Lake Turkana has rocky shores in the east and south due to volcanic outcrops. It lies in a part of the Eastern Rift Valley that get little rain, so it is surrounded by desert. The lake had once been part of a larger lake, but due to desertification, it has shrank. In the west and north, the lake is marked by sand dunes, sandpits, and mudflats.

26. Lake Turkana

27. Plateaus

28. Continent of Plateaus Africa as a continent is often described as “One big Plateau” Coastal plains go 20 miles inland. Africa is a series of plateau after plateau & in between there are escarpments. The East African plateaus range in elevation from 500 feet to 8,000 feet or more. Escarpments- steep cliffs or slopes Due to the plateaus and escarpments of East Africa, the rivers are known to have many cataracts (rapids) and large waterfalls.

29. Plateau’s Impact on Rivers Depth varies depending on the season-if it’s the rainy season or the dry season Plateaus prevent easy navigation due to water falls. Therefore, the interior of Africa remained largely unexplored Therefore, the interior of Africa remained largely unexplored

30. Example of East African River: The Nile Nile River – world’s longest (4,000 + miles) Sources: White Nile (Uganda) & Blue Nile (Ethiopian highlands) flows into the Mediterranean

31. Plateau’s Impact on Rivers The rivers in Sub- Saharan Africa are difficult to navigate because they have many waterfalls and rapids.

32. Blue Nile Falls

33. Ethiopian Plateau  A rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia  Sometimes called the “Roof of Africa”  Includes gorges, river channels, and AMBAS, steep-sided flat-topped lands.  Contain grasslands, woodlands and desert areas

34. Ethiopian Highlands Canyons carved by water

35. Highland’s Climate Moderate climate with comfortable temperatures and adequate rainfall. Good for farming. Lower temperatures than savanna due to the high elevation. So snow is common at the higher elevations. Has green farmlands and protected forests.

36. Savanna

37. Tropical grasslands with scattered trees. Rainfall is seasonal alternating between rainy and dry seasons. The wettest areas are closest to the equator---there are six months of almost daily rainfall followed by six months of dry seasons. The annual rainfall is about 35 to 45 inches. This area is found in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi. The soil is the savanna is not very fertile.

38. The African Savanna: 13 million sq. mi.

39. Tropical Wet & Dry Climate: The African Savanna # The savanna is the largest climate zone in Africa covering over ½ of the continent # Unpredictable rainfall can lead to drought (long periods with little or no rain)

40. Serengeti Plain One of the world’s largest savanna plains There are three types of grasses found here: short, medium, and tall. These grasslands make up a suitable home for millions of animals like zebras, gazelles, hyenas, lions, giraffes, and cheetahs.

41. Serengeti Plains  hosts the largest mammal migration in the world  contains several national parks and game reserves  diverse species due to diverse habitats ranging from riverine forests, swamps, grasslands and woodlands

42. Savanna Today, the plains boast a wide range of cultures, from Maasai nomads to Kikuyu farmers and Dorobo hunter-gatherers. For thousands of years, the region's rhythm of life remained unchanged. But now, sporadic droughts, soil erosion and overgrazing are tiring the land out, while demands on it from impoverished human populations continue to grow.

44. Maasai: Nomadic Herding Tribe in Savannah

45. Savanna Maasai Nomadic Herding of Cattle

46. Characteristics of Maasai Semi-nomadic pastoralists Southern Kenya and northern Tanzania Tropical Savannah Climate Semi-arid lands 61-74 degree F 20-40 inches rain (November – May)

48. These are Maasai warriors They wear a distinctive red checked blanket (shuka) These are Maasai warriors They protect their tribe, their cattle and their grazing lands. Aged 14, boys leave the village and look after cattle far from the village for as much as 8 years They return as warriors. They return to get married.

49. Modern Maasai Reduced territory, less grazing land Conflict with farmers > sedentism(since they are no longer truly nomadic due to the reduced territory) this has lead to a poor diet and lifestyle Access to seasonal wetlands Have to migrate with cattle Politically marginalized Forced to adopt non-pastoralist economic activities

51. Natural Resources of East Africa

52. Natural Resources Tanzania: major gold and natural gas deposits, diamonds, and tanzanite Ethiopia: gold Uganda: copper Kenya: minerals like soda ash used for glassmaking and agriculture Burundi: agriculture and known for its coffee Rwanda: agriculture and natural gas Tourism: waterfalls like Victoria Falls, climbing Mount Kilimanjaro, going on a safari in the savanna

53. Resources: Cattle Iron Oil Copper Gold Uranium (Somalia) Diamonds (Tanzania) Steel

54. East African Economies Farming 70% rural Cash crops: coffee, tea, sugar Dependent on world market Tourism Wildlife parks Game reserves

55. Farming and Tourism East Africa is more than 70% rural East Africa relies on cash crops such as coffee, tea, and sugar which are grown for direct sale. Agricultural production has decreased over recent years…why? Tourism is also a money maker in East Africa. Many lands have been turned into national parks to secure the land and safety of animals. How does this interfere with agriculture? ?

56. Main Idea 1: National parks are a major source of income for Tanzania and Kenya. More than 2 million tourists visit Tanzania and Kenya each year. One popular reason for visiting is the safari, an overland journey to view wildlife. Tanzania is rich in gold and diamonds. Farming is the major activity in both countries. Some people want to farm on national park land, but that would hurt tourism and endanger wildlife. Kenya also produces geothermal energy, energy produced from the heat of Earth’s interior.