1. DNA "The Blueprint of Life"

2. DNA stands for... D_________N_______ A____

3. DNA FACTS established by _________ and ________ Shape of a ______ ________

4. codes for your _________ (traits) made of repeating subunits called _____________

5. What is a nucleotide? Has three parts: ______________ ____________________ (sugar) _________________ (A,T,G,C)

6. Base-Pair Rule ________ Thymine Guanine ________ The sides (_________) of the DNA ladder are ____________ & ______ held together by _________________

7. Base Pair Rule One side: A T A T C A T G C G G G Other side:

8. How the Code Works The combination of A,T,G,C determines what traits you might have, for example C A T C A T = purple hair T A C T A C = yellow hair

9. Let's Review What We Know About DNA 1. DNA stands for: De _____ ribo ______ acid 2. What is the shape of DNA? _______________ 3. Who established the structure of DNA? ____________ 4. Adenine always pairs with _______________ 5. The sides of the DNA ladder are deoxyribose and _____ 6. Guanine always pairs with _____________ 7. What is the complimentary sequence: A A T G C A 8. The two sides of DNA are held together by _______ bonds. 9. DNA is composed of repeating subunits called ______________________ 10. What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? _______________________________________

10. DNA REPLICATION the process by which DNA makes a ________ of itself (_____ ______________) SEMI-_______________ - _____ of the old strand is saved and ________ is new

11. RNA - _____________________ *___________ strand *______________ sugar *contains no _________, ________ instead *3 types: ______, ______, and ______ *follows base pair rule DNA: A T A G C G RNA:

12. mRNA carries the “_______________" to the ___________, where proteins are made tRNA carries the ______ _________ to the ___________, where proteins are made rRNA and ______ build a __________

13. DNA --> RNA --> Protein Proteins are the building blocks of the organism (traits)

14. Transcription - process where RNA is made from DNA Translation - process where proteins are made from RNA

16. Transcription and Translation: How Proteins are made by the cell TRANSCRIPTION 1. One of the strands of DNA is used as a _________________ to create a strand of ____________ 2. Requires the ___________________ RNA polymerase 3. Transcription always starts at a region called the _________________. 4. _______________ are segments of DNA that do not contain ________________. ___________ are segments that contain genes. 5. Each ____ bases on mRNA is a _______________, it corresponds to an __________ aci d

17. Transcription of mRNA from DNA

18. TRANSLATION 1.Takes the _____________________ on mRNA and converts it into an _____________ acid chain 2. Individual amino acids will join to form a _______________. Shapes and composition of protein determine its functionality (hair, enzymes, skin, muscles etc)

19. The steps in translation are: 1. The ________________________ binds to _____________ at a specific area. 2. The ribosome starts matching ____________ ______________ sequences to the mRNA ___________ sequence. 3. Each time a new tRNA comes into the ribosome, the amino acid that it was carrying gets _______________ to the elongating ______________________ chain. 4. The ribosome continues until it hits a ______________ sequence, then it releases the polypeptide and the mRNA. 5. The polypeptide forms into its native shape and starts acting as a functional ___________ in the cell.

20. Steps of Translation

21. Genetic Mutations: _________ in the genetic __________ ______________ mutation: a single point in the sequence is changed. For instance a G is changed to an A. Compare this to reading a sentence Cats eat big rat. --> point mutation --> Cats eat big hat The sentence is still almost recognizable, the ___________________ changed in this case might still function. ______________________ MUTATION - a point mutation that involves a __________________ or deletion, which results in a shift in the reading frame. Cats eat big rat --> add an additional letter A, and the reading frame changes Aca tse atb igr at - this protein does not resemble the original and will probably not be _____________