1. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Motivation and Emotion Chapter 9

2. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Motivation and Emotion Motive Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal- directed behavior Emotion Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior

3. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Perspectives on Motivation

4. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Instincts Inborn, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species Human behavior is not easily explained by instincts because Most important human behavior is learned Human behavior is rarely inflexible

5. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Drive-Reduction Theory Drive A state of tension or arousal caused by bodily needs Drive Reduction Theory states that motivated behavior is an attempt to reduce a drive and return the body to homeostasis Primary drive Unlearned drive, such as hunger, based on a physiological state Secondary drive Learned drive, such as ambition

6. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Arousal Theory People are motivated to seek an optimal level of arousal for a given moment Yerkes-Dodson law States that there is an optimal level or arousal for best performance on any task The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance

7. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Yerkes-Dodson Law

8. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Incentives External stimuli that prompt goal-directed behavior We are often unaware of the incentive Examples Aroma of food may cause us to eat even when not hungry Advertisements can lead us to buy a product

9. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation Motivation for a behavior is the behavior itself Children playing is an example Extrinsic motivation Behavior is performed in order to obtain a reward or to avoid punishment A bonus program is an example Dangers of providing extrinsic motivation for intrinsically motivated activities?

10. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Hunger

11. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Biological Factors - Neurological Hunger appears to be regulated by regions in the hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus (LH) acts as a hunger center, triggering the onset of eating Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) acts as a satiety center, stopping eating behavior Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) influences the drive to eat specific foods In addition, areas in cortex and spinal cord also play a role

12. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Biological Factors - Chemical Changes in blood glucose level, fats, carbohydrates, and insulin signal need for food Leptin, a hormone released by fat cells, can signal satiety Receptors in the stomach and a hormone released by small intestine also signal brain about satiety, but it takes 20-30 minutes! EAT SLOWLY!

13. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Biological Factors - Genetics OB-1/Chromosome 15 15 th chromosome may carry a gene that predisposes some people to obesity Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) How quickly you burn calories may be genetically influenced Set Point Theory Body has a “set” weight it wants to be. Efforts to go below this are seen by body as a threat, and body will compensate by slowing metabolic rate

14. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Cultural and Environmental Factors Responses to food are governed by learning and social conditioning For example, time of day can trigger the body to become hungry Even the SMELL of food may trigger biological processes that instigate hunger! Culture also influences what we choose to eat and how much we consume

15. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Intense fear of weight gain Distorted body image Refusal to maintain minimal normal body weight Absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles (for women) About 1% of adolescents afflicted Approximately 90% of those are white upper- and middle-class females

16. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Karen Carpenter (1950-1983)

17. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Eating Disorders Bulimia nervosa Recurrent episodes of binge eating Recurrent behaviors to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting Behaviors must occur at least twice a week for three months Body shape and weight overly influence self-image Symptoms occur independent of anorexia About 1-2% of female adolescents afflicted Dying to be Thin Clip (“Ana” and “Mia”) Dying to be Thin Clip

18. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Obesity Considered by U.S. Surgeon General to be the most pressing health problem today Considered by U.S. Surgeon General to be the most pressing health problem today Obesity can lead to increased risk for Hypertension Cardiovascular disease Diabetes Sleep apnea Tendency may be inherited

19. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Thirst

20. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Thirst Both internal and external cues can trigger the thirst drive Internal cues include level of fluids inside body cells and amount of fluids outside body cells External cues can include advertisements and weather conditions

21. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Sexual Motivation

22. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Biological Factors Testosterone Important in both men and women in early development Not very important for regulating sexual activity in humans – only non-human animals Pheromones Scents secreted which can promote sexual readiness, particularly in animals

23. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Cultural and Environmental Factors Human sexual motivation is much more dependent on experience and learning than on biology Men are very responsive to visual stimuli Women respond better to touch Culture can influence what is sexually attractive

24. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Human Sexual Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson, 1966) Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution

25. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Sexual Orientation Refers to the direction of an individual’s sexual interest Heterosexual Sexual attraction to opposite sex Homosexual Sexual attraction to same sex Bisexual Sexual attraction to both sexes Examination of causes of differing orientations is a nature-nurture debate

26. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Secondary Drives: Stimulus Motives Stimulus motives push us to investigate or to change our environment Example stimulus motives include: Exploration and curiosity E.g. Where does that path lead? How does the internet work? Why? An emotion? An acceptable expression of sex drive? Part of the drive to find the meaning of life? Manipulation and contact E.g. DO NOT TOUCH signs – why are they necessary? The need to touch, handle, or play with objects to feel satisfied.

27. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Harlow’s Monkeys Harry Harlow (1958) wanted to find out why infant monkeys bonded with their mother. Was the bond driven by a need for food (nursing) or something else? Harlow’s experiment Impact of denying infant monkeys physical comfort from their mother Impact of denying infant monkeys physical comfort from their mother

28. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Other Motives: Social Motives Social motives are those which involve how we are driven to relate to others. They include the following: Aggression Achievement Affiliation

29. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Social Motives: Aggression Intent is a key element of aggression – behavior is aimed at DOING HARM to others Why are we aggressive? Aggressive behavior may be innate, although learning clearly plays a role Frustration-Aggression Theory? Social Learning? Aggression and culture Collectivist cultures are less aggressive than individualistic cultures Crime in the US? Gender and aggression Males are more physically aggressive Nature…or nurture?

30. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Social Motives: Achievement Achievement Motivation to excel at a task Desire is for achievement for its own sake Work and Family Orientation Scale (WOFO) Work orientation, mastery, competitiveness Highest GPA – high mastery and work orientation, lower competitiveness – WHY?

31. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Social Motives: Affiliation Affiliation Motivation to be with others Rats, monkeys and humans in stressful situations all feel a reduction in anxiety and fear when in the presence of another member of their species Evolutionary value? Learned behavior?

32. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motives Physiological needs Safety needs Belongingness needs Esteem needs Self-actualization needs

33. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Emotions

34. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Basic Emotions Fear Surprise Sadness Disgust Anger Anticipation Joy Acceptance Plutchik proposed that there are eight basic emotions

35. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Plutchik’s Basic Emotions

36. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Basic Emotions Some have criticized Plutchik’s model as applying only to English-speakers Revised model of basic emotions includes: Happiness Surprise Sadness Fear Disgust Anger

37. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Theories of Emotion James-Lange theory Environmental stimuli bring on physiological changes that we interpret as emotions EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as your body's preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear.

38. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Theories of Emotion Cannon-Bard theory Environmental stimuli elicit emotions and bodily responses simultaneously EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear.

39. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Contemporary Theories of Emotion Schachter-Singer Theory/2-Factor Environment gives us clues that help us interpret physiological reaction EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.

40. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Contemporary Theories of Emotion Izard’s Facial Feedback Theory Cognitive feedback is NOT necessary: emotion provoked by the faces/body posture that results from an environmental stimulus EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. You make a shocked face and the movement of these muscles sends signals to your brain to perceive this as fear.

41. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Theories of Emotion

42. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Nonverbal Communication of Emotion Voice quality Facial expression and Ekman’s work Facial expression Ekman’s work Body language Posture and the way we move communicates information Personal space Explicit acts For example, slamming doors

43. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Facial Expression Activity Use the list of six basic emotions below to label the faces of both the human and robot faces on your worksheet. You will use each of the six once for each set of faces. Happiness Sadness Fear Surprise Anger Disgust

44. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Body Language

45. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gender, Culture and Emotion

46. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gender and Emotion Men and women feel emotions equally, but express them differently Men and women may experience different emotions in the same situation Anger Men tend to direct their anger outward Women tend to direct their anger inward Women are more skilled at understanding nonverbal components of emotion

47. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Culture and Emotion Expression of emotion can be influenced by cultural norms Some emotional displays are universal Display rules Culture-specific rules that govern how, when, and why expressions of emotion are appropriate Etre et Avoir clip (1:11) Etre et Avoir clip

48. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gestures Exercise

49. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gestures Exercise

50. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gestures Exercise

51. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gestures Exercise

52. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gestures Exercise

53. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gestures Exercise

54. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gestures Exercise

55. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gestures Exercise

56. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gestures Exercise

57. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gestures Exercise