1. Renewable vs. Non-Renewable
Recall Renewable and Non-renewable resources…put definition on sheet if you need to…
RENEWABLE – CAN BE REPLACED BY NATURE AS QUICKLY AS IT IS USED
NON-RENEWABLE – CANNOT BE REPLACED BY NATURE AS QUICKLY AS IT IS USED

2. Fossil Fuels, Mineral Resources and Nuclear Energy
Resources and Energy
Fossil Fuels, Mineral Resources and Nuclear Energy

3. 1. Petroleum and Natural Gas (fossil fuels – non-renewable)
Petroleum and Natural Gas are mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed largely from microorganisms on the sea floor.
Heat and pressure creates petroleum and natural gas
Petroleum is liquid oil hydrocarbons (used to make petrochemicals)
Natural gas is a gaseous hydrocarbon

4. Petroleum and Natural Gas Deposits
Petroleum and natural gas exist in the pore spaces of rocks.
Pressure at depth forces the petroleum up until it reaches a “cap rock” (impermeable rock) such at the top of an anticline or fault.

5. Oil And Natural Gas

6. FAULT TRAP Impermeable shale Gas Oil Water
Water
FAULT TRAP

7. Gas
OIL
ANTICLINAL TRAP

8. Fossil Fuels and the Environment
Disadvantages:
Burning, in general, causes air pollution.
Burning of high sulfur coal causes sulfur dioxide which in turn causes acid rain.
Advantages: It is relatively cheap and easy to use.

9. 2. Coal (a fossil fuel (pure carbon) formed from peat swamps)
Peat: Unconsolidated plant remains.

10. Lignite: “brown coal”
Lowest rank

11. Bituminous: Dense, black, soft coal.
Most common

12. Anthracite: A dense, shiny hard coal.
Burns with a clean flame

13. Peat LIGNITE ANTHRACITE BITUMINOUS Pressure More Pressure
Highest Pressure
ANTHRACITE
BITUMINOUS

14. Coal distribution in the U.S.
(U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1118 )

15. Coal distribution in the U.S.
Accessed areas are outlined in black

16. Fossil Fuels

17. Top 20 Oil Reserves (75% found)
Top is???
Saudi Arabia!

18. Top 20 Natural Gas Reserves
Top is???
Iran!

19. Petroleum Deposit Environments
Please fill in the KEY at the bottom of the sheet at your desk with the colors of your choice and then color-code the diagram.

20. WHY you Absolutely, Positively Must Have Someone Somewhere Who Develops the Resources You Use Every Day.

21. The World Distribution of Mineral Resources is
Generally uneven - determined by geologic history and tectonic setting.
High metal concentrations along active or extinct plate boundaries.

22. Copper and Gold Deposits

23. Mineral Deposits vs. Ores
A mineral deposit is a naturally-occurring concentration of a particular mineral - examples? Copper, sulfur, quartz, Corundum
An ORE is a mineral deposit that can be economically developed.

24. Formation of Mineral Deposits
3. Igneous or metamorphic activity leaves VEINS of minerals.
Left: Sample of Merensky Reef showing from top to bottom: feldspathic pyroxenite, top chromite stringer, pegmatoidal feldspathic pyroxenite with sulphides, basal chromite stringer, mottled anorthosite (sample courtesy of Mr Kevin Boerst).

26. Ex: Copper Deposits

27. Copper Deposits

28. Malachite is copper ore

33. Formation of Mineral Deposits
4. Sedimentary
Placer Deposits - Preferential settling of denser minerals from flowing water.
Gold and diamonds

34. Placer deposits are in red
Draw this!
Placer deposits are in red
Erosion is in yellow

35. Gold Placer Deposits
4th period start here

38. Gold Placer Deposits

39. Gold Placer Deposits

40. Formation of Mineral Deposits
5. Weathering
removes soluble components of rock, leaving behind concentrated ore
Ex: Bauxite
(aluminum ore)

41. Bauxite to Aluminum

48. Bauxite Concentrations

53. Aluminum is successfully recycled

54. Formation of Mineral Deposits
6. Evaporation
leaves a precipitated salt layer
5th and 6th stopped here 24th
Saltworks in San Francisco Bay

55. Coal mine, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Mining Methods
1. Surface Mining
Inexpensive, but reclamation is high
3rd stopped here
Coal mine, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

56. Coal mine, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

57. Mud River, southern West Virginia

58. Mining Methods 2. Underground Mining
Cheaper reclamation, but overall more expensive

59. Underground Mining

60. Underground Mining

61. Underground Mining

62. Underground Mining

63. Underground Mining

64. Formation of Mineral Deposits
Please get your colored pencils and color-code the Igneous intrusions Orange, extrusive igneous rock pink, and contact Metamorphic Rock green and regional metamorphic rock purple, sediment Blue and sedimentary rock brown.

65. Alternative Energy Resources
Nuclear Power

66. 1. Nuclear Energy Definitions to remember
Isotope – atom that exhibits variation in its mass number
Mass number – sum of the neutrons and the protons in an atom
Atomic number – # of protons found in the nucleus
Atomic weight – average of the atomic masses of all the element's isotopes

68. Definitions To Know
Fusion – a nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy.
The sun uses this process

70. Proton-proton chain
Graphic: Univ Tenn. Knoxville

72. Both fusion and fission form NEW ELEMENTS
Definitions To Know
Fission – the splitting of the nucleus of a larger atom into two or more smaller ones with the simultaneous release of energy.
Nuclear Reactors use this process to heat water – steam turns turbines(see page 203)
Both fusion and fission form NEW ELEMENTS

73. n Combining 2 small atoms to create one large atom and ENERGY
WHAT IS NUCLEAR FUSION?
Combining 2 small atoms to create one large atom and ENERGY
Temperature and pressure must be incredibly high for this to occur

74. The Energy Of Atomic Fission
Fuels for Nuclear Reactors
U-235 is the initial fuel for all fission reactors
ADVANTAGE: 1 gram of U235 equals 2.7 tons coal!

81. Release of Energy!
Uranium
235
Split
Nuclei

82. The Disposal Of Nuclear Waste (DISADVANTAGE)
Radioactive Waste must be stored for 250,000 years
What is to be done?
Continue ON-SITE water pools and dry-tank storage.

83. 2. Solar Energy (converts sunlight into heat or electricity)
Advantages of Solar Power
Infinite supply/renewable
No pollution
Disadvantages
Cloudy days and nighttime requires storing of energy.
3rd jan 10

84. Solar Energy Mojave Desert, Kramer Junction, California
Oil in tubes is heated, then transferred to a power station to generate electricity
Source:

85. Solar Energy
A solar dish-engine system is an electric generator that "burns" sunlight instead of gas or coal to produce electricity
Source:

86. Solar Energy - Photovoltaics
Sunderbans region of West Bengal, India. Rooftop PV modules on a village health center in West Bengal provide power for refrigerators containing medicines and vaccines, for lights, and for other important needs.
Source:

87. Solar Energy-Photovoltaics
Mars Rover “Sojourner ”
Source:

88. Solar Energy-Photovoltaics
PV shingles from United Solar Systems Corporation mount directly on the roof and serve two purposes: they produce electricity for the home and provide the same protection value of an asphalt roof shingle.
Source:

89. 3. Hydroelectric Power (from running water generating electricity)
Advantages
Successfully supplies a small percent (11%)of the nation’s power.
Water supply is constant and free.
Disadvantages
Most acceptable hydro sites are already developed.
Dams are expensive and cause destruction of free-running rivers and their ecosystems.
7th jan 10

95. 4. Tidal Power (Tides used to generate electricity)
Advantages
Low environmental impact.
Constant supply
Disadvantages
Few locations to utilize
Low production
5th jan 10
La Rance, France (tidal range of 27 feet)

97. 5. Wave Energy from Ocean Waves used to generate electricity
Advantages
Low environmental impact.
Constant supply
Disadvantages
Few locations to utilize
Low production

103. 6. Thermal Power from Ocean - Each day the oceans absorb energy from the sun =250 billion barrels of oil that can be converted to electricity.
Advantages
Constant supply
OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) systems convert this energy to electricity while desalinating ocean water.
Disadvantages
Expensive
Not widely used
Difficult to distribute from ocean-based power plants.
2nd jan 10

105. 7. Wind Power (wind turns turbines to generate electricity)
Advantages
are a clean source of energy.
Renewable.
Problems
Inconsistent (can only supply 10% of energy requirements)
few practical places
is detrimental to bird migrations/bats

113. 8. Geothermal Power – Heat Energy from the Earth used to generate electricity
Advantages
Renewable
Consistent
No pollution
Problem
Few sites/Not wide-spread/Expensive

114. Source: http://www.os.is/Apps/WebObjects/Orkustofnun.woa

116. U.S. Geothermal Resource Map

117. Old Faithful

123. 9. BIOMASS(add to right of Geothermal Energy…)
Corn, soybeans, grasses and wheat (biofuels) are used for energy generation.
Advantages: Renewable & Cleaner than fossil fuels.
Disadvantages: Costly processing and difficult to integrate into current fuel use habits.

126. 10. Oil Shale (contains kerogen)
Advantages
Plentiful in the U.S.
Disadvangages
Not very efficient source of energy (1/8 of crude oil)
Expensive extraction and processing of Kerogen in shale (similar to crude oil)

127. More on Pollution and Resources
Heavy industries cause high CO2 concentrations
Wood-burning causes SMOKE pollution
Release of CFCs (from refrigerators and air conditioners) destroys the ozone (mostly remedied by national cooperation).
Coal
Burning causes acid rain (local or carried by wind to other areas).
Mining operations cause acidic conditions that can be long-term in runoff or groundwater.

128. Virginia’s Resources
Coastal Plain supplies crushed stone for road construction and gravel;
Valley and Ridge supplies limestone for concrete;
Piedmont supplies quartzite, slate and pyrite;
and the Plateau supplies coal.
Blue ridge supplies granite.

129. Rock, Sand & Gravel Applications Decorative / landscaping
Concrete / construction
Flooring, walls, roofs

130. Sand & Gravel
April 7, 2002: Curtis Sand & Gravel mining operation in Soledad Canyon (east of state Route 14, near the old Lang Station site). Photo by Leon Worden; flight courtesy of Gerry Hider. <

131. Rock Granite, limestone, marble, & slate Mined from quarries Uses:
Construction and decorative
Pietrasanta marble quarry, Italy, “found” by Michelangelo

132. Marble Quarry…

133. Slate

134. Slate Quarry

135. Slate used for roofing

136. Slate used for fencing

137. Malachite
Copper Ore

138. Va Map

139. Please take out your Virginia Map
Add in the Blue Ridge Mountains Province:
Catoctin Mountain – ancient metabasalt (metamorphosed basalt) and basalt flows

143. PLEASE TAKE OUT YOUR VIRGINIA MAP!
The Five Provinces
PLEASE TAKE OUT YOUR VIRGINIA MAP!

144. RED TEXT should be copied onto your map.
Virginia is divided into 5 provinces based on their geologic formations.
RED TEXT should be copied onto your map.

145. 1. Coastal Plain

146. It is a terraced landscape.
The Coastal Plain runs from the fall line on the west, to the Atlantic Ocean on the east.
It is a terraced landscape.

147. Gravel, Sand, silt and clay produced by erosion of the Appalachian Mts (young unconsolidated sediments) covers the plain.
As sea levels rose and fell, fossils were left at various layers.

148. Virginia Fossils
Fossils include various marine organisms like clams, scallops, shark teeth, and other hard remains.

149. 2. Piedmont

150. Facts about the Va. Piedmont
It is an area of rolling hills underlain by ancient igneous and metamorphic rock.
It is the largest of the provinces.

151. Mining the Piedmont High quality slate is mined from this area.
The Piedmont host one of the worlds largest kyanite mines.
Kyanite

152. 3. Blue Ridge Mountains

153. Blue Ridge Facts
The billion year old igneous and metamorphic rocks are the oldest in the state.

154. Blue Ridge Facts
It is the highest ridge separating the piedmont from the valley and ridge province.

155. 4. Valley and Ridge Province

156. Valley and Ridge
The Valley and Ridge Province is an area of long parallel ridges and valleys underlain by ancient folded and faulted sedimentary rocks.

157. Cambrian fossil algal structures (stromatolites) are found in the V&R Province.

158. Limestone outcrops are common in the Valley and Ridge Province.

159. This area is also famous for Karst Topography.

160. Sink holes!

161. Caverns!

162. Back to your map…

163. 5. Appalachian Plateau

164. Appalachian Plateau Facts
The Appalachian Plateau has rugged, irregular topography and is underlain by ancient, flat-lying sedimentary rocks

165. Appalachian Plateau Facts

166. COAL!

167. Appalachian Plateau Facts
Most of Virginia's coal is found in the Appalachian Plateau.

168. Appalachian Plateau Facts
These old sedimentary rocks contain many fossils and tons of coal.

169. Virginia Fossils
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic fossils are found in Virginia in the plateau, valley and ridge or the coastal plain.

170. Answer these questions on your note packet.
Quiz Time
Answer these questions on your note packet.

171. Questions! 1.Which province is covered by gravel, sand, silt and clay?
2.Which province has Cambrian algal fossils?
3. This province has a terraced landscape.

172. 4. This province contains billion year old rocks.
5. Which province is underlain by ancient ,flat-lying sedimentary rocks?

173. Correct your answers, if necessary
1. Coastal Plain
2. Valley and Ridge
3. Coastal Plain
4. Blue Ridge
5. Appalachian Plateau

174. Answer these questions on your note packet
1. Which province, that has already been described, is known for having layers of fossils?

175. 2. Which province is the largest?
3. Which province has the oldest rocks?
4. Which province has slate and kyanite mines?

176. 5. This province has flat-lying sedimentary rocks.
6. This province has rolling hills underlain by ancient rocks.
7. What do we call an irregular limestone region with sink holes and caverns?

177. 8. Which province is at the most western part of the state?
9. Which province is the largest? Oops! I repeated this one!
10.Which province is famous for coal?

178. How did you do?
Correct your answers, if necessary.

179. The Answers 1. Coastal Plain 6. Piedmont 7.Karst 2. Piedmont
3. Blue Ridge
4. Piedmont
5. Appalachian Plateau
6. Piedmont
7.Karst
8. Appalachian Plateau
9. Piedmont
10. Appalachian Plateau