1. CT1304 LAN LAB Rehab AlFallaj

2. LAN PHYSICAL LAYER Networks are consist of: Nodes: Service Units: PCs. Processing and interface Units Transmission medium. Local Circuits: connects PCs in a limited\small networks. Backbone Channel: connects processing units

3. L AN CHANNEL Channel: The media that digital\analog signal travel through from sender to destination. Channel developed a lot to allow high speed transmission rate, and to send data to a farther distance. LAN channels: Wired channels. Wireless channels.

4. L AN CHANNEL Wired channels: Twisted pairs Coaxial cable Fiber optics. Wireless channels: Microwave Infrared laser

5. W IRE CHANNEL Twisted pairs: Phone networks The function of the twists is to decrees the attenuation or noise that affects the media. Advantages: Cheap Fixable Simple to use. Disadvantages: Does not support high speed transmission rate. Limited Frequency bandwidth.

6. W IRE CHANNEL To use twisted pairs in LANs: Specific thick conductor Specific isolation Number of twists Shield

7. W IRE CHANNEL Shielded twisted pairs STP Unshielded twisted pairs UTP

8. W IRE CHANNEL Twisted pair wire connectors: RG-45 Used in Ethernet LANs. Has 8 pins USB connector: Used to connect devices attached to PC and network wireless devices. Shielded against Noise and interference. Support electric energy to the attached devices through the port.

9. W IRE CHANNEL D-shell connector: Connect numbers of STP cables Multi Access Unit (MAU): Connect STP cables with network devices in token ring type of networks.

10. W IRE CHANNEL Coaxial Cable: Better than Twisted pairs. Wide frequency bandwidth support ( 500 million Hz) Support very high speed data rate (1Mbps – 1Gbps) Used in T.V channels Some LANs. Thin Coaxial: Used in local circuits Used to send digital signal to 185 m used in 10-base-2 Ethernet LAN : 10 Mbit\sec, baseband digital transmission,200 m

11. W IRE CHANNEL Thick Coaxial: Less fixable than thin coaxial. Can send digital signal to 500 m without the need to use amplifier. Used in backbones and Trunks that connects processing units to IEEE LAN, 10-base-5 Ethernet LAN: 10 Mbit\sec, baseband digital transmission, 500 m Broad Band: Diameter: Less fixable Expensive. Can send Analog signals till 1800 m without amplifier. Used in Video signals, Backbones and Trunks that connects processing units to IEEE LAN: 10-broad-36 Ethernet LAN, 10 Mbit\sec Analog Broadband transmission, 3600 m

12. W IRE CHANNEL EIA standards for Coaxial Cables

13. W IRE CHANNEL Coaxial connectors: BNC connectors: Connects Thin Coaxial cables BNC-T connectors: Connects Thin Coaxial cables BNC termination Connects Thin Coaxial cables AUI connectors: Connects Thick Coaxial cables.

14. W IRE CHANNEL Fiber Optics: Stepped-Index Multimode fiber. Graded index fiber. Single mode fiber

15. W IRE CHANNEL For fiber optics: Very wide frequency bandwidth: 5 Giga Hz Light signals. Transmission rate: 1 Giga bit\sec – 10 Giga bit\sec Total isolation. it doesn’t affected by interference, noise because its light signals. Fiber optics are widely used recently and are replacing several transmission mediums.

16. W IRE CHANNEL Fiber Optics Connectors: SC connector: 2.5 mm inner ring Push-pull to install ST connectors: 2.5 inner ring Rotate- lock

17. W IRELESS CHANNEL Wireless channel send data using wave Propagation from Antenna of sender and receiver. Wireless channels can be divided based on wave frequency, and its propagation type. Propagation type: Surface propagation. Reflection from troposphere (50 km above ground ) Reflection from Ionosphere (90 km above ground ) Line of sight ( 100 km )

18. W IRELESS CHANNEL

19. Wireless channels based on wave frequency: Radio: 30 kHz – 300 MHz Microwave: 300 MHz – 300 GHz Infrared: 300 GHz – 300 THz Laser: 10 14 Hz– 10 15 Hz Applications use wireless channels vary from TV, Voice applications, document/ data sending application, Radio.

20. W IRELESS CHANNEL

22. W IRELESS LAN N ETWORK Microwave : used to send signals between 30m- 100m inside buildings, and 100m-300m outside. Microwave can travel through walls or any type of barriers that disallow wired or fixed transmission media. It can be affected by Electromagnetic Interferences and noise. Signals and waves propagate in all the directions around Omnidirectional from (aerial: special device) attached to NIC or any network devices

23. W IRELESS LAN N ETWORK Microwaves signals use very high frequencies: 900MHz, 204 GHz. 507GHz or 18-19 GHz. Microwave have two types of bands: Spread Spectrum wireless LAN شبكة محلية ذات نظاق منتشر have very broad band frequency Continuous travel of signals Used in wide area Transmission rate: 1Mbps – 100 Mbps Narrow Band شبكة محلية لاسلكية ذات نطاق ضيق Have fixed or limited frequency. Sending signals with low Electric power No more that 30m length tall Transmission rate: 10 Mbps – 20 Mbps

24. W IRELESS LAN N ETWORK Infrared : uses waves with wavelength 500 – 900 nano meter (10 -5 m to10 -9 m). Infrared have very broad band and high speed transmission rate between PCs and\or other devices in LAN such as printer. Can send data through limited area inside the building. Can NOT go through walls or any barriers. Infrared signals affected by Sun light. Unidirectional, Diffused

25. W IRELESS LAN N ETWORK Broad band, high speed transmission rate: 1mbps -10Mbps. Easy to install and maintain. It does NOT affected by noise and interference with any electromagnetic waves.

26. W IRELESS LAN N ETWORK Laser : can concentrate the power or energy to be sent in a thin pack of light around 1mm, and can be send to 500 m or longer depends on the energy used. 10 14 Hz – 10 15 Hz frequency. 1 Mbps – 100 Mbps Can NOT go through walls or barriers or fog or heavy rain. Affected by Sun Light. Laser signals may curve, bend if affected by high tempreture.

27. W IRELESS LAN N ETWORK Laser is Unidirectional. Simple to install and maintain. It does NOT affected by noise and Electromagnetic Interference.