1. ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΟ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΕΙΔΙΚΕΥΣΗΣ ΣΤΙΣ ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΕΣ ΣΠΟΥΔΕΣ ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΟ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΕΙΔΙΚΕΥΣΗΣ ΣΤΙΣ ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΕΣ ΣΠΟΥΔΕΣ H ΕΥΡΩΠΑΙΚΗ ΕΝΩΣΗ ΚΑΙ Η ΔΙΕΘΝΗΣ ΑΣΦΑΛΕΙΑ Δημήτρης Μπουραντώνης (bouranto@aueb.gr)@aueb.gr Τμήμα Διεθνών και Ευρωπαϊκών Οικονομικών Σπουδών Οικονομικό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών 1

2. The EU as a Security Actor Important attempts have been made to understand the role of the EU at the international level: The EU has been conceptualized as Civilian power International Presence A superpower in the making As an international actor 2

3. The EU as an International Actor What are the criteria we should choose in order to assess whether the EU is an international actor? 1.Cosgrove and Twitchett (1976) The degree of actorness should be measured by (a)The degree to which central institutions can undertake autonomous decisions, (b)The degree to which the organisation has an impact on inter-state relations, (c)The degree to which MS and non-MS consider the organisation important when formulating their foreign policies. 3

4. The EU as an International Actor 2:. Sjotstedt (1977) In order for a unit to be considered as an actor must possess autonomy which is composed of two elements: (a) the unit must be discernible from its external environment, thus having a minimal degree of separatedness, (b) the unit must also have a degree of cohesion. Once these conditions are met, a unit can be considered to have actor capability.. 4

5. The EU as an International Actor The degree of actor capability in turn depends on certain structural prerequisities: (a) A set of goals (b) decision-making and monitoring facilities, and (c) action performance instruments, allowing an actor to behave externally 5

6. The EU as an International Actor 3. Brehterton and Vogler (2006) They use four criteria in order to consider a unit as an international actor: a.A shared commitment to a set of values, b.Domestic legitimation of decision process regarding external policy, c.The ability to identify priorities and formulate policies, d.The availability of, and capacity to utilise policy instruments, such as diplomacy, economic tools and military means. 6

7. The EU as a Security Actor Kaunert and Zwolski (2013) Criteria for assessing the EU as a security actor: a.The scope of integration which is defined as ‘the procedures according to which policy decisions are taken focusing on the involvement of supranational bodies and Council voting rules’. b.Capabilities, c.Recognition 7

8. The EU as a Security Actor 1 st Criterion. THE SCOPE OF INTEGRATION The scope is informed by autonomy and authority. Autonomy is about institutional distinctiveness (an international organization, to be an actor, should have a distinctive institutional apparatus. What requires further investigation is the involvement of supranational bodies (such as the European Commission, EEAS, Council Secretariat) in security challenges. The extent to which these bodies are involved in a given security policy issue determines the scope of integration in this area. Furthermore, the scope of integration is informed by the Council voting rules, which can be broadened to include the authority of the EU in a given policy area. 8

9. The EU as a Security Actor First Criterion: The scope of integration Authority is the legal competence to act in a given subject matter. Legal competence to act is a minimum condition for the EU to be considered as an actor. Qualified majority voting rather than the requirement of unanimity in the Council enhances the scope of integration in a given security area. 9

10. The EU as a Security Actor 2 nd Criterion: Capabilities Capabilities mean resources, instruments and cohesiveness. Resources: the use and threat of force, diplomacy, economic sticks and carrots. It also includes civilian resources such as training and monitory missions in third countries. Instruments are established on the basis of the provisions of the treaties to enhance the EU effectiveness as an international security actor. For instance, common positions and joint actions under the Maastricht Treaty.(eg. The European Security Strategy of 2003 etc) Cohesiveness is the capacity to reach a collective decision and to stick to it. 10

11. The EU as a Security Actor 3 rd Criterion: Recognition Recognition could also come as de jure recognition (diplomatic recognition under international law or formal membership in I0s. It could come as de facto recognition (whenever a third party interacts with the EU rather than member-states). Mainly recognition by others is the sina qua non of global actorhood. As Jupille nd Caporaso put it ‘whenever a third party interacts with the Union, rather than, or in addition to, going to one or more EU member state (s), the criterion of recognition is satisfied’. 11

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