2. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid “The Blueprint of Life”

3. A. What is DNA? 1. Organic molecule 2. Nucleic acid

4. B.Where is it located ? 1. Nucleus 2. In the Chromosomes DNA

5. Chromosomes in Nucleus

6. C. Structure of DNA 1. Nucleotides a. Phosphate b. Deoxyribose sugar c. Nitrogenous bases: Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine 2. Ladder Shape 3. Double strand, helix twist

7. Ladder Shape (Sides & Rungs) Sides: Phosphate Sugar Phosphate Rungs: A-T T-A G-C C-G

8. Watson & Crick’s Double helix:

9. D. What is DNA’s Function ? Hereditary Instructions Chemical code for every trait “Blueprint” for making Proteins

10. Chromosome DNA Code: Genes = Segments of DNA Code for a trait Hair Color Eye Color

11. DNA Chromosome Code: A triplet of bases code for an amino acid A series of amino acids code for a protein The protein codes for a Trait Acid Sugar-T-A-Sugar Acid Sugar-G-C-Sugar Acid Sugar-C-G-Sugar

12. DNA Chromosome Code: Like Morse Code: Hair = *** *- ** *-* Or DNA A-T A-T G-C C-G T-A C-G

13. DNA Replication Chromosomes double Interphase S or Synthesis stage 2N 1N

14. E. Steps for DNA Replication: 1. DNA untwists 2. DNA unzips-hydrogen bonds are broken by enzyme 3. Corresponding nucleotides line up and hydrogen bonds form between nitrogen bases 4. 2 strands twist into helix 5. Result is 2 chromosomes- part old and part new Identical Strand

15. A. What is RNA? 1. Organic Molecule 2. Nucleic Acid 3. Types: mRNA=messenger tRNA=transfer rRNA=ribosomal

16. B. Where is RNA located? 1. mRNA in nucleus & cytoplasm 2. tRNA only in cytoplasm 3. rRNA at the ribosomes

17. B. What is RNA’s structure? Phosphate Sugar-Base Phosphate Sugar-Base Phosphate Sugar-Base Phosphate Sugar-Base 1. Nucleotides= a. Phosphate b. Ribose sugar c. Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine-Uracil Guanine-Cytocine 2. Single Strand 3. No Twisted helix

18. Comparison of RNA & DNA: Phosphate Sugar-Base Phosphate Sugar-Base Phosphate Sugar-Base Phosphate Sugar-BasePhosphate Sugar----Bases----Sugar Phosphate Sugar----Bases----Sugar Phosphate Sugar----Bases----Sugar Phosphate RNA DNA Ladder Deoxy- ribose Ribose Double StrandedSingle Stranded Uracil replaced thymine

19. D. What are RNA’s functions: 1. mRNA= Copies the DNA code Deliveries message to Ribosome Ribosomes- Protein Factories

20. Why not send the original DNA code out? DNA might be damaged! mRNA components are reused To copy more messages Original DNA mRNA copy

21. RNA function cont. 2. tRNA: in cytoplasm Picks up an amino acid “Taxis” the aa to the Ribosome protein factories tRNA Amino acid

22. III. Protein Synthesis Assembling Proteins from the DNA Instructions

23. A. Transcription : 1. mRNA is copied off of DNA 2. In nucleus 3. Steps: DNA untwists DNA unzips RNA codons line up

24. Transcription: mRNA has: Ribose sugar Uracil instead of thymine bases Nuclear membrane allows it to leave! DNA Code mRNA ATCGATCG UAGCUAGC

25. Transcription in The nucleus mRNA copy DNA

26. B. Translation = Conversion of the message (mRNA Code) Into a protein By the ribosome factories

27. B.Translation 1. mRNA arrives at the Ribosome 2. tRNA picks up an amino acid 3. tRNA delivers the aa to the ribosome 4. aa are assembled into polypeptide proteins U A G C G C U A mRNA code tRNA taxi

28. tRNA delivers amino acid 2. Peptide bond forms 3. tRNA leaves ribosome 4. Polypeptide Chain of amino acids grows

29. Summary: DNA Replication: Make duplicate DNA In nucleus Copy the chromosomes For Mitosis Protein Synthesis: 1. Transcrition: Make mRNA From DNA 2. Translation: Make protein Off mRNA code Using amino acids