1. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

2. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Structure and Function Integumentary system is composed of the skin and accessory structures Functions of the integumentary system –Protects the other body systems from injury and infection –Helps the body maintain homeostasis by regulating temperature, retaining body fluids, and eliminating wastes

3. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 9-1 Skin Structures

4. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Skin The largest organ of the body Varies in thickness from 1/50 inch (0.5 mm) in the eyelids to 1/4 inch (6.3 mm) in the soles of the feet Changes in the skin often indicate the presence of other body system disorders including anemia, respiratory disorders, liver disorders, cancer, and shock

5. Abnormal Colors of the Skin Erythema: reddish; burns or blood vessel congestion Jaundice: yellowish; liver or gallbladder disease Cyanosis: bluish; insufficient oxygen

6. Layers of Skin Epidermis –Outermost layer of the skin that is composed of a surface of dead cells with an underlying layer of living cells; avascular, no nerves, etc. Dermis –Called the “true” skin; the dermis contains the blood vessels and nerves, connective tissue Subcutaneous/ Hypodermis –Fat containing; joins skin to muscle

7. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Our Skin Video How many skin cells do we shed daily? Between 30,000 and 40,000 of them fall off every hour. Over a 24-hour period, you lose almost a million skin cells [source: Boston Globe].Boston Globe Where do they all go? The dust that collects on your tables, TV, windowsills and on those picture frames that are so hard to get clean is made mostly from dead human skin cells. In other words, your house is filled with former bits of yourself. In one year, you'll shed more than 8-10 pounds (3.6 kilograms) of dead skin. It gets even grosser: Your house is also filled with trillions of microscopic life forms called dust mites that eat your old dead skin. Burn Victim

8. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Hair and Hair Follicles Skin has hair in all areas except the soles of the feet and palms of the hands Hair serves to block foreign particles from entering the body through structures such as the nose and eyes The visible portion is called the shaft The hair follicle is the root with its covering

9. Hair and Hair Follicles Hair growth is similar to the epidermal cell growth Deep lying cells in the root move forward through the shaft Melanocytes located at the root give it pigment (black cells) Hormone production decreases as we age, therefor hair turns gray/ transparent Look up: What muscle aids in goose bumps?

10. Nails Hard keratin plates Grow approx. 1mm a week May regrow completely in 3-5 months Toenails grow slower than fingernails

11. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Glands Three types of glands in the skin –Sebaceous glands (oil) –Sudoriferous glands (sweat) –Ceruminous glands (wax) Function is to help regulate the body temperature and excrete body wastes

12. Sebaceous Glands Produces oily secretion called sebum Carried by ducts and secreted through pores Lubricates the skin Associated with hair follicles Influenced by sex hormones –Over active at puberty (what does this do?) –Under active at old age (what does this do?)

13. Sudoriferous Glands Coiled glands Produces sweat –Helps cool body –Carried by ducts and excreted through pores –Almost pure water, less 1% is salt, wastes, etc –Colorless and odorless –The odor comes from sweat mixed with bacteria on the skin

14. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Dermis Hair follicle Lip/o Necrotic Cyanotic Hypodermis Arrector Pili Sebaceous Cutane/o

15. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Adip/o Aut/o histology Erythem/o Cyanotic Avascular Sudoriferous Pil/o Subcutaneous

16. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disorders/ Conditions of the Integumentary System Acne vulgaris – Caused by increased secretion of oil related to increased hormones during puberty Albinism – Inherited disorder in which melanin is not produced - eyes are red due to lack of pigment so see blood vessels Alopecia – hair loss

17. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Conditions/ Disorders of the Integumentary System (continued) Cleft lip or cleft palate – Upper lip has a cleft where the nasal palate doesn’t meet properly Contact dermatitis – Allergic reaction that may occur after initial contact or as an acquired response Cyst –Small sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid fluid

18. Conditions/ Disorders of the Integumentary System (continued) Dandruff – White flakes of dead skin cells from the scalp Decubitus ulcers – Bed Sores or areas of inflammation that occur over bony prominences of the body Ecchymosis –Bruise, hemorrhaging into the skin Eczema – Group of disorders caused by allergic or irritant reactions

19. Conditions/ Disorders of the Integumentary System (continued) Furuncle – Boil, or bacterial infection of a hair follicle Impetigo – Very contagious bacterial skin infection that occurs most often in children Kaposi’s sarcoma – Form of cancer that originates in blood vessels and spreads to skin Keloid –Thickened scar

20. Conditions/ Disorders of the Integumentary System (continued) Tinea –Fungal skin infections that live on epidermis Athletes foot (pedis) Ringworm Jock Itch Gangrene –Death of tissue associated with lack of blood supply Wheal hives

21. Conditions/ Disorders of the Integumentary System (continued) Wart (verruca) – Papule caused by a viral infection Psoriasis – Chronic skin disorder in which too many epidermal cells are produced Nevus –Mole Hemangioma A cluster of blood vessels that make an abnormal benign growth/ some are birthmarks

22. Hemangioma Nevus Wart Tinea Pedis Psoriasis

23. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Gangrene

24. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Skin Injuries Excessive Skin exposure –Sun Types Type 1: burns, never tans; fair SPF 30 Type 2: burns, tans min, fair SPF 30/15 Type 3: burns mod, tans grad, SPF 30/15/8 Type 4: burns min, tans well, SPF 30/15/8 Type 5: rarely burns, tans profusely, SPF 15/8 Type 6: never burns, deep pigmented, SPF 8

25. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Skin Injuries Burns –1 st Degree- no blisters, mainly epidermis –2 nd Degree- blisters, epidermis & top layer of dermis –3 rd Degree- damaging all 3 layers, necrotic

26. Skin Cancer Carcinoma Cancerous tumor –Squamous cell: scalp and lower lip, rises from epidermis –Basal cell: most common, face, starts at epidermis Malignant Melanoma –Occurs in melanocytes Nevus- mole becomes dark Death 1:4 Metastatic Sun or tanning bed

27. Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Strangest Medical Conditions Video

28. Clinical Procedures Skin biopsy –Lesion is removed from the skin and sent to patho lab for tests Skin Testing for Allergies scratch test and intradermal test Debridement removal of dirt, foreign materials Incisions & drainage open a lesion and drain

29. Clinical Procedures Cryotherapy –Destruction of tissue by freezing it with liquid nitrogen Electrolysis Destruction of tissue by electricity; used to remove hair Liposuction Surgical removal of fat from subcutaneous tissue by suction Rhytidectomy (facelift) removal of wrinkles

30. Liposuction Video Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.