1. GE 116 Lecture 3 ENGR. MARVIN JAY T. SERRANO Lecturer

2. WORKPLACE HAZARDS  Although work provides many economic and other benefits, a wide array of workplace hazards also present risks to the health and safety of people at work. These include but are not limited to, "chemicals, biological agents, physical factors, adverse ergonomic conditions, allergens, a complex network of safety risks," and a broad range of psychosocial risk factors

3. PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL HAZARDS  Physical hazards are a common source of injuries in many industries.They are perhaps unavoidable in certain industries, such as construction and mining, but over time people have developed safety methods and procedures to manage the risks of physical danger in the workplace.constructionmining  Falls are a common cause of occupational injuries and fatalities, especially in construction, extraction, transportation, healthcare, and building cleaning and maintenance. Falls  Machines are commonplace in many industries, including manufacturing, mining, construction and agriculture, and can be dangerous to workers. Many machines involve moving parts, sharp edges, hot surfaces and other hazards with the potential to crush, burn, cut, shear, stab or otherwise strike or wound workers if used unsafely.manufacturingmining constructionagricultureburncutshearstabstrikewound

4.  Confined spaces also present a work hazard. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health defines "confined space" as having limited openings for entry and exit and unfavorable natural ventilation, and which is not intended for continuous employee occupancy. Spaces of this kind can include storage tanks, ship compartments, sewers, and pipelines. Confined spaces can pose a hazard not just to workers, but also to people who try to rescue them. Confined spaces  Noise also presents a fairly common workplace hazard: occupational hearing loss is the most common work-related injury in the United States, with 22 million workers exposed to hazardous noise levels at work and an estimated $242 million spent annually on worker's compensation for hearing loss disability. Noise  Temperature extremes can also pose a danger to workers. Heat stress can cause heat stroke, exhaustion, cramps, and rashes. Heat can also fog up safety glasses or cause sweaty palms or dizziness, all of which increase the risk of other injuries. Workers near hot surfaces or steam also are at risk for burns.Dehydration may also result from overexposure to heat. Cold stress also poses a danger to many workers. Overexposure to cold conditions or extreme cold can lead to hypothermia, frostbite, trench foot, or chilblains.Heat stressheat strokeexhaustioncrampsrashessafety glassesdizzinessburnsDehydrationCold stresshypothermiafrostbitetrench foot chilblains

5.  Electricity poses a danger to many workers. Electrical injuries can be divided into four types: fatal electrocution, electric shock, burns, and falls caused by contact with electric energy. Electricity  Vibrating machinery, lighting, and air pressure (high or low) can also cause work- related illness and injury. Asphyxiation is another potential work hazard in certain situations. Musculoskeletal disorders are avoided by the employment of good ergonomic design and the reduction of repeated strenuous movements or lifts. Ionizing (alpha, beta, gamma, X, neutron), and non-ionizing radiation (microwave, intense IR, RF, UV, laser at visible and non-visible wavelengths), can also be a potent hazard. Vibrating machinerylightingair pressure (high or low)AsphyxiationMusculoskeletal disorders ergonomic design

6. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS  Bacteria Bacteria  Virus Virus  Fungi Fungi  Mold Mold  Blood-borne pathogens Blood-borne pathogens  Tuberculosis Tuberculosis

7. CHEMICAL HAZARDS  Heavy metals Heavy metals  Solvents Solvents  Petroleum Petroleum  Fumes (noxious gases/vapors)  Highly-reactive chemicals Highly-reactive chemicals  Fire, conflagration and explosion hazards:  Explosion Explosion  Deflagration Deflagration  Detonation Detonation  Conflagration Conflagration

8. PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS  Psychosocial hazards are related to the way work is designed, organised and managed, as well as the economic and social contexts of work and are associated with psychiatric, psychological and/or physical injury or illness.  According to a survey by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, the most important emerging psychosocial risks are:  Precarious work contractsIncreased worker vulnerability due to globalization  New forms of employment contractsFeeling of job insecurity  Aging workforceLong working hours  Work intensificationLean production and outsourcing  High emotional demandsPoor work-life balance

9. BY INDUSTRY  Specific occupational safety and health risk factors vary depending on the specific sector and industry. Construction workers might be particularly at risk of falls, for instance, whereas fishermen might be particularly at risk of drowning. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics identifies the fishing, aviation, lumber, metalworking, agriculture, mining and transportation industries as among some of the more dangerous for workers.ConstructiondrowningBureau of Labor Statisticsfishingaviationlumber metalworkingagricultureminingtransportation  Similarly psychosocial risks such as workplace violence are more pronounced for certain occupational groups such as health care employees, police, correctional officers and teachers.workplace violence