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Chapter 7. Differential and multistage amplifiers
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Contents The MOS differential pair
Small-signal operation of the MOS differential pair The BJT differential pair Other non-ideal characteristics of the differential amplifier The differential amplifier with active load Multistage amplifiers
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Introduction Differential pair는 아날로그 IC에서 가장 흔하게 쓰이는 블록임.
초고속 switching 소자인 ECL(emitter-coupled logic)의 기초가 됨. 1940년대 진공관 형태로 발명되었으나 추후 discrete BJT로 구현됨. 특히 집적 회로가 발명된 이후 매우 널리 쓰임. Differential pair의 성능은 두 트랜지스터의 특성이 얼마나 일치하 느냐에 달려있음. 여러 부품을 필요로 함. Differential 증폭기의 장점 Single-ended 회로에 비해 잡음과 간섭에 강함. Multi-stage 구성 시 by-pass capacitor나 coupling capacitor 필요 없음.
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uA741 chip layout
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MOS differential pair Current mirror (active load)로 구현
Q1, Q2가 matched transistor라고 가정 Saturation 영역에서 동작시킴 Current mirror로 구현
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Operation with a common-mode input voltage
Q1, Q2가 saturation 영역인 경우 VCM을 바꿔도 출력 전압은 전류에만 의존하므로 변동 없음. 최고 입력 전압 : 최저 입력 전압 : (Current source I의 최소 출력 전압에 의해 결정됨.)
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Operation with a differential input voltage
최고 입력 전압 : (Q1전류는 I, Q2전류는 0일 때 전압임.) 최저 입력 전압 : Q1전류 0, Q2전류가 I인 경우임.
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Large signal operation
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1차 함수 근사식
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2. Small signal operation
= =
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Common mode Differential mode
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Differential mode equivalent
Differential mode half circuit
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Example 7.2 Q1, Q2가 matched transistor이다. ro가 매우 클 때 differential mode 전압 이득을 구하라.
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2.3 differential amplifier with current-source loads
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2.4 cascode differential amplifier
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2.5 Common-mode gain and CMRR
CMRR : Common mode rejection ratio
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Common mode half circuit
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Effect of mismatch (CMRR)
RD mismatch CMRR : Common mode rejection ratio
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gm mismatch
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3. BJT differential pair Q1, Q2가 matched transistor
linear active영역에서 동작시킴
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Basic operation Different modes of operation of the BJT differential pair: (a) the differential pair with a common-mode input voltage VCM; (b) the differential pair with a “large” differential input signal;
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Input common mode range
(c) the differential pair with a large differential input signal of polarity opposite to that in (b); (d) the differential pair with a small differential input signal vi. Note that we have assumed the bias current source I to be ideal (i.e., it has an infinite output resistance) and thus I remains constant with the change in VCM. Input common mode range Q1이 saturation되는 전압. Current source I가saturation되는 전압.
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3.3 Large signal operation
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Extension of linear range
The transfer characteristics of the BJT differential pair can be linearized (i.e., the linear range of operation can be extended) by including resistances in the emitters.
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3.4 Small signal operation
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Small signal equivalent
A simple technique for determining the signal currents in a differential amplifier excited by a differential voltage signal vid; dc quantities are not shown.
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Small signal equivalent of DP with emitter resistor
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Differential half circuit
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Single-ended로 접속해도 REE>>re 이면 앞 페이지와 동일
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Common-mode gain and CMRR
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(a) Definition of the input common-mode resistance Ricm
(a) Definition of the input common-mode resistance Ricm. (b) The equivalent common-mode half-circuit.
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Example 7.4 Assume β = 100. Evaluate the following:
(a) The input differential resistance Rid . (b) The overall differential voltage gain vod/ vsig (neglect the effect of ro). (c) The worst-case common-mode gain if the two collector resistances are accurate to within ±1%. (d) The CMRR, in dB. (e) The input common-mode resistance (assuming that the Early voltage VA = 100 V).
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4. Other Non-ideal Characteristics of the Differential Amplifier
4.1 Input Offset Voltage of the MOS Differential Pair Output offset voltage RD mismatch : (W/L) mismatch : Vt mismatch :
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Input offset voltage RD mismatch : (W/L) mismatch : Vt mismatch :
Application of a voltage equal to the input offset voltage VOS to the input terminals with opposite polarity reduces VO to zero.
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4.2 Input offset voltage of the bipolar differential pair
4.3 Input bias and offset currents of the bipolar differential amplifier
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5. The Differential Amplifier with Active Load
출력 전압을 differential mode로 얻을 때 장점 Common-mode gain이 줄어들어 CMRR이 증가한다. Differential mode gain 이 2배 (6 dB) 증가한다. (각 트랜지스터 출력 전압이 크기는 같고 반대 부호임.) Differential mode 신호 전송이 잡음이나, 간섭 신호에 영향을 덜 받으므로 op-amp같은 증폭기 IC에서 첫번째 단계로 differential amp가 흔하게 사용된다. 그러나 차동 모드를 지원하지 않고 single-ended 모드를 지원하는 다른 부품으로 연결하는 경우 적절한 변환 장치가 필요하다. Figure 7.30 A three-stage amplifier consisting of two differential-in, differential-out stages, A1 and A2, and a differential-in, single-ended-out stage A3.
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Non-ideal property – cross-talk
Far end crosstalk voltage Voltage Near end crosstalk voltage 인접한 전선들 사이에 간섭이 생긴다.
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5.1 Differential to Single-Ended Conversion
Figure 7.31 A simple but inefficient approach for differential to single-ended conversion.
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5.2 The active-loaded MOS differential pair
(a) The active-loaded MOS differential pair. (b) The circuit at equilibrium assuming perfect matching. (c) The circuit with a differential input signal applied and neglecting the ro of all transistors.
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5.3 Differential gain of the active-loaded MOS pair
Q4의 전류는 Q3의 υgs에 의해 정해짐. Trans-conductance Gm : Output equivalent circuit of the differential amplifier with active-loaded pair for differential input signals.
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Output resistance Ro : Differential gain :
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5.4 Common-Mode Gain and CMRR
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5.5 The bipolar differential pair with active load
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Differential gain : Common-Mode Gain and CMRR:
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Systematic Input Offset Voltage
Current mirror의 base current로 전류 오차 있음.
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Output resistance를 증가시키기 위해 cascode
전류 오차에 의한 offset을 줄이기 위해 Wilson current-mirror Figure 7.40 An active-loaded bipolar differential amplifier employing a folded cascode stage (Q3 and Q4) and a Wilson current-mirror load (Q5, Q6, and Q7).
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6 Multistage amplifiers
실제 트랜지스터 증폭기는 여러 단으로 구성됨 1단은 전압 이득 및 높은 입력 저항 제공으로 신호원의 내부 저항에 의한 전압 감쇄를 억제함. Differential amplifier인 경우 common mode rejection 기능도 제공해야 함. 중간 단계는 높은 전압 이득 제공 기능. 경우에 따라 differential mode 를 single-ended mode로 변환하는 기능을 제공하기도 함. DC 전압 레 벨을 바꾸어 ± 전압 스윙이 가능하도록 하는 기능 제공. 마지막 단계는 부하 저항이 작은 경우 전압 강하를 피하기 위해 낮은 출력 임피던스를 제공. 대전류 공급 기능 제공.
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6.1 Example : a two-stage CMOS Op amp
1st stage 2nd stage
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Input offset voltage 를 없애는 조건
Common mode입력 전압에 대해 출력 전압이 0이 되어야 함.
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A Bias circuit that stabilizes gm
DC bias circuit : 전원 전압 변화와 MOSFET의 Vt와 상관없이 바이어스 전류를 공급 트랜지스터의 gm들이 저항 1개와 트랜지스터 크기에 의해 정해짐
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6.2 Example : a bipolar Op amp
Differential amp Differential amp (differential in, single ended out) Amp, level shifting Voltage buffer Figure 7.43 A four-stage bipolar op amp.
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Example 7.6 : a bipolar Op amp
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Example 7.7 Use the dc bias quantities evaluated in Example 7.6 to analyze the circuit in Fig. 7.43, to determine the input resistance, the voltage gain, and the output resistance.
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