1. Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders
Chapter 6
Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders 1

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Bones and joints
Bones provide framework and support
Classified by shape and composition
Joints
Where two or more bones meet
Muscle structure, movement, and heat 2

3. Common Signs and Symptoms
Bone and joint diseases:
Pain, swelling, decreased mobility, and deformity
Muscle disorders:
Weakness 3

4. Diagnostic Tests X-rays Computed axial tomography (CAT) scans
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs)
BMD – DEXA
Blood studies
Including calcium and phosphorus
Electromyography 4

5. Diseases of the Bone Vary from mild to severe
More common as adults age 5

6. Diseases of the Bone Spinal deformities: Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis
Curvature of thoracic spine
Lordosis
Exaggerated anterior or inward curve of lumbar spine
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of spine 6

7. Spinal Deformities 7

8. Diseases of the Bone Osteoporosis Osteomyelitis Osteomalacia
Metabolic bone disease causing porosity and leading to decrease in bone mass
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone caused by staphylococcal infection
Osteomalacia
Softening of the bones 8

9. Diseases of the Joints Most occur as slow process Arthritis
Inflammation
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative process – “wearing out of joint” 9

10. Diseases of the Joints Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disorder affecting joints and connective tissue of entire body
Rheumatoid vs Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis affects working joints
Rheumatoid can affect all joints
Gout
Metabolic error in breakdown of certain protein foods 10

11. Diseases of the Joints Hallux valgus Temporomandibular joint syndrome
Deformity affecting metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe
Also known as bunion
Temporomandibular joint syndrome
Severe headaches and pain in jaw 11

12. Diseases of Muscle and Connective Tissue
Muscular dystrophy (MD)
Inherited, genetic disorder affecting skeletal muscles
Ganglion cyst
Fluid-filled benign tumor on tendon sheath near wrist
Tetanus
Also known as lockjaw 12

13. Neoplasms Primary neoplasms of musculoskeletal system uncommon
Typically secondary, metastasizing from lungs, breast, and prostate 13

14. Neoplasms Osteosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
Most common primary tumor of bone
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Very rare, highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle 14

15. Trauma Main cause of problems in musculoskeletal system Fractures
Break in bone
Types:
Stress – Pathologic
Open (compound) – Closed (simple)
Complete – incomplete – greenstick
Displaced – comminuted – compression
Impacted – avulsion
Longitudinal, transverse, oblique, spiral, and stellate 15

16. Trauma Fractures Types: (continued) Intracapsular – extracapsular
Intertrochanteric – femoral neck – subcapital
Colles’
Pott’s 16

17. Treatment of Fractures
Immobilization
Closed reduction
Open reduction
Traction 17

18. Strains and Sprains Strain Overstretching injury of muscle Treatment:
Rest
Moist heat
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatories 18

19. Strains and Sprains Sprain Traumatic injury to joint Treatment (RICE):
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation 19

20. Dislocations and Subluxations
Complete separation of bone from normal position
Causes pain and joint deformity
Subluxation
Partial separation of bone from normal position 20

21. Dislocation and Subluxation21

22. Low Back Pain Very common disorder May be acute or chronic Treatment:
Moist heat
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatories
Muscle relaxants 22

23. Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
Herniated disk, ruptured disk, slipped disk, or bulging disk
Pressure on spinal nerve may cause pain in sciatic nerve
Treatment same as low back pain 23

24. Bursitis Inflammation of bursae or small fluid-filled sac near joints
Bursae help reduce friction during movement
Symptoms:
Severe pain
Limits motion 24

25. Bursitis
Treatment:
Moist heat
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatory agents 25

26. Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendon or connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
May occur in any tendon 26

27. Tendonitis Treatment: Ice Analgesics Anti-inflammatories Exercises
Surgery 27

28. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Repetitive motion injury affecting hands
Affects individuals working at repetitive tasks requiring finger and wrist motions 28

29. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Treatment:
Rest
Splint
Anti-inflammatories
Physical therapy
Surgery 29

30. Plantar Fasciitis Also known as calcaneal spur or heel spur Treatment:
Rest
Ice
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatories 30

31. Plantar Fasciitis 31

32. Shoulder and Knee Disorders
Torn rotator cuff
Muscles that hold head of humerus in shoulder socket area
Torn meniscus
Attached to top of tibia and provides cushion for distal femur
Cruciate ligament tears
Located inside knee joint
Two ligaments cross to stabilize knee 32

33. Shin Splints
Overuse injury to periosteum and extensor muscles of lower leg
Occur routinely with sudden increase in activity or new exercise routine 33

34. Shin Splints Treatment: Rest Analgesics Anti-inflammatories Heat Ice34

35. Rare Diseases de Quervain’s Tuberculosis of bone Paget’s disease
Tendonitis affecting thumb
Tuberculosis of bone
Develops in tissue cavities; causes bone weakness and pain
Paget’s disease
Chronic metabolic bone disease affecting bone formation
Myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue 35

36. Effects of Aging Decreased bone density
Decreased muscle strength and mass
Changed vertebral disks and compression of vertebrae
Results in changes in height and spine curvature 36