1. Agents that cause mutations are known as mutagens. Radiation Viruses Transposons Mutagenic chemicals Errors may also occur during meiosis or DNA replication. They can also be induced by the organism itself, by cellular processes such as hypermutation. Chemical mutagens include aflatoxin (from mold), caffeine (found in coffee and colas), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide; a hallucinogenic drug), benzo(a)pyrene (found in cigarette and coal smoke), Captan (a fungicide), nitrous oxide (laughing gas), and ozone (a major pollutant when in the lower atmosphere).

2. Base-pair substitution: One base is wrongly paired with another (adenine to cytosine) during replication. Possible outcome is a different amino acid may replace another during protein synthesis, changing the resulting protein. People with sickle-cell anemia have this occur Insertions/Deletions: (Frameshift Mutation ) One extra base is inserted, or deleted into a gene region. Remember this insertion or deletion can completely change the three-base codon/anticodon sentence. Mom fed the dog for Tad who was out all day. Mof edt hed ogf orT adw how aso uta lld ay? Transposons/Transpositions: When one or multiple bases jump around within the genome, moving spontaneously from one location to another in the same DNA molecule (or even to a different one) Mom fed the dog for Tad who was out all day Mop fed the dog for Tad who was out all day Mom out the dog for Tad who was fed all day.

3. Sometimes called “Jumping Genes” Grains of Indian corn come in different colors, such as purple, yellow and white. Sometimes the kernels are streaked, or mottled. The movement of transposons on chromosomes may result in colored, non-colored and variegated grains The explanation for this phenomenon involves "jumping genes" or transposons, and earned Dr. Barbara McClintock the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1983 for her life-long research on corn genetics. The reddish streaks on these corn grains are caused by transposons. Transposons are genes that move from one location to another on a chromosome. If the transposon moves to a position adjacent to a pigment-producing gene, the cells are unable to produce the purple pigment. This results in white streaks or mottling rather than a solid purple grain. The duration of a transposon in this "turned off" position affects the degree of mottling. If the pigmentation gene is turned off long enough by a transposon, the grain will be completely unpigmented. The different cards represent a linear sequence of genes on a chromosome. The ace of spades represents a transposon that moves to different positions on the chromosome. The jack of diamonds represents the gene for purple pigmentation in the corn grain. When the transposon (ace of spades) moves to a position adjacent to the gene for pigmentation (jack of diamonds), the pigmentation gene is blocked and no purple is synthesized (white area). When the transposon moves away from the gene for pigmentation, pigment can again be coded for.

4. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/transpos.htm Transposons may also have a profound effect on embryonic development and tumor formation in animal cells. Oncogenes (genes that cause tumors) may be activated by the random reshuffling of transposons to a position adjacent to the oncogene. Transposons may also be useful in genetic engineering with eukaryotic cells, by splicing in transposons to activate certain genes. The implications from Barbara McClintock's discovery of transposons may be far-reaching and as significant as Watson and Crick's discovery of the structure of DNA.