1. Vertebrates
Emily Reiss
Josie Jacob-Dolan
Tori Willbanks-Roos

2. What makes a vertebrate a vertebrate?
Internal bony skeleton
Backbone encasing spinal column, skull-encased brain
Deuterostomes
(ex: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)

3. Chordate- have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Chordate vs. Vertebrate
Notochord
Dorsal, Hollow Nerve cord
Pharyngeal slits and clefts
Muscular, post- anal tail
Somites
Tunicates
Ex. humans, amphioxus
Chordates are the more scientific name for vertebrates.
In fact not all Chrodates do have a backbone, but they do have a notochord, the ancestor to the backbone.
  In addition to the notochord all chordates have a hollow, dorsal, nerve chord, which is the ancestor to the central nervous system
Pharyngeal Clefts-  series of pouches separated by grooves forms along the sides of the pharynx. In most chordates, these grooves develop into slits that open to the outside of the body Pharyngeal Slits- allow water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract.
Muscular, post-anal tail Often lost during enbryonic development
Somites- blocks of mesoderm that form muscle segments,, which are found along each side of the notochord in all chordate embryos.
Tunicates-(subphylum Urochordata) belong to the deepest–branching lineage of chordates. The tunicates most resemble other chordates during their larval stage, which may be as brief as a few minutes. Lancelets- (subphylum Cephalochordata) get their name from their bladelike shape. As larvae, lancelets develop a notochord, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, numerous pharyngeal slits, and a post–anal tail. They feed on plankton in the water column, alternating between upward swimming and passive sinking. As they sink, they trap plankton and other suspended matter in their pharynx. Somites- blocks of mesoderm that form muscle segments,, which are found along each side of the notochord in all chordate embryos.

4. Craniates- chordates with a head
Neural Crest
Heart with at least 2 chambers
Kidneys
Evolved during the Cambrian explosion about 530 million years ago
Ex. human, hagfish
To be or not to be...
All Craniates have a neural crest which is a collection of cells that appear in an embryo.  They disperse as the organism develops and turn into teeth, some bone and cartilage of the skull, the skin of the face, some neurons, and parts necessary for the development for the eyes
Hagfish
the least derived craniate

5. Vertebrates- Craniates with a backbone
Originally most vertebrae were cartilage
In some cases additions to the notochord
Most times surrounded the notochord
Lampreys
Ex. Humans, pteraspis
In some, the vertebrae were only little bits of cartilage along the notochord, but in most the vertebrae was enclosed the spinal cord and take over the mechanical roles of the notochord.
Shark skeleton is made of cartilage, more flexible than a human
lampreys- oldest living lineage of vertebrates
pteraspis- jaw-less armored vertebrates

6. Gnathostomes- Vertebrates with jaws
Gnathostome means "jaw mouth"
 Aquatic gnathostomes have a lateral line system
Appear in the fossil record about 470 million years ago
Placoderms-"plate-skinned"
Acanthodians
Chondrichthyans-"cartilage fish" 
These include sharks and rays
Body structure/characteristics

7.  Rays vs Sharks
Sharks
streamlined body, swift swimmers; don't not maneuver very well
movements of the trunk and the caudal (tail) fin help to move them
are carnivores
have several rows of teeth
Oviparous vs. Ovoviviparous vs. Viviparous
Rays
 closely related to sharks
 live on the bottom of the ocean
 tails are whip-like
-The largest sharks and rays are suspension feeders that consume plankton-

8. Gnathostomes- Vertebrates with jaws, continued.
Osteichthyans- "bony fish"
Most aquatic osteichthyans control their buoyancy with a swim bladder.
They are covered by a protective bony flap called the operculum.
page 682

9. Ray vs Lobe Finned fishes
originated in fresh water and spread to the seas. 
Some (salmon, sea–run trout) replay their evolutionary round–trip from fresh water to seawater and back to fresh water during their life cycle.
serve as a food source for some humans
ex: bass, trout, perch, tuna, and herring
Lobe:
rod–shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle in their pectoral and pelvic fins. 
only three lineages survive today 
ex: coelacanths, lungfishes, and  those that gave rise to tetrapods

10. Tetrapods- Gnathostomes that have limbs and feet
Tetrapod means "four feet"
Derived characters
The Origin of Tetrapods
ex: Amphibians- meaning: "two lives"
Types
on page 685

11. Amphibians Ancestors were tetrapods Moist skin
Respiration: gas exchange through skin and lungs 
Have a 3-chambered heart
Ectotherms
Reproduction: external fertilization, external development 
Metamorphosis

12. Amniotes- Tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg
Amniotic egg
 Extraembryonic membranes - specialized membranes, protect the embryo but not part of the embryo itself
Different shells: more leathery and flexible (slows dehydration, allows for living on land)
Came around in the Carboniferous
Other adaptations:
less permeable skin, ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs.

13. Reptiles! Clade of amniotes, (lizards, snakes, turtles, crocs, birds.)
Scales: create waterproof barrier, helps prevent dehydration 
Shelled eggs on land
"Cold blooded"
Ectothermic- Not enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature. 
Endothermic- Warmed by heat generated by metabolism. Used to maintain body temperature higher than external environment.

14. Parareptiles- Mostly large, stocky quadrupedal herbivores
Diapsids- Distinguished by pair of holes on each side of the skull, includes lepidosaurs and archosaurs.
Lepidosaurs- Includes lizards, snakes, etc.
Archosaurs- Includes crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and birds.
Pterosaurs- Winged reptile that lived during the time of dinosaurs.
Dinosaurs-Member of an extremely diverse group of ancient reptiles varying in body shape, size, and habitat.
Theropod- A member of an ancient group of dinosaurs that were bipedal carnivores.

15. Birds Reptiles but features all in adapted for flight.
Wings, feathers, stronger muscles, good eye sight
Better for hunting, migrating, defense 
Endothermic
Flightless species - Ratites (Ostrich, Kiwi, Emu, etc.)
Beaks and feet very adaptable 

16. Mammals: Amniotes that have hair and produce milk
Mammary glands - produce milk for offspring
Hair - retain heat
Endothermic 
Teeth adapted for many different foods
Bigger brains 

17. Marsupials Three major lineages: Monotremes Eutherians Synapsids
Lacked hair, laid eggs
Temporal Fenestra (holes behind eye sockets) - still present in humans
Not true mammals but adapted mammal like characteristics
Three major lineages:
Monotremes
Eutherians

18.  Eutherians:
"Placental mammals" because placentas are more complex 
Longer pregnancies, born when fully developed
Includes Primates 
 Monotremes:
Have hair, produce milk (from glands)
Lay eggs (unlike any other mammal)
Platypus, Echidnas (spiny anteaters)
 Marsupials:
Give birth to live young
Embryo develops in placenta 
Born early in development, matures in pouch

19. Primates Hands and feet, digits Opposable Thumb Big brains, flat faces
Three main groups of living primates:
Lemurs
Lorises and Pottos
Anthropoids
Great Apes
Humans

20. Works Cited
Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. Biology. 7th ed. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education Inc, Print. Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. Biology. 7th ed. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education Inc, eBook.