2. Did you know? There are 3 levels of water. The first is the surface area (warm water), second is the upper water (cold water), and the deeper area is just the deep water (coldest water in the ocean).

3. The zone of rapid change from warm water to cold water with increasing depth. Thermocline is one of the things that causes circulation in the water.

4. The transition zone where coldwater is more dense then warm water.

5. Salinity  The concentration of dissolved salts in the seawater, expressed as parts per thousand. Did you know? If you were to empty all the salt from the ocean all the land on the earth would be covered up to five feet high

6. Water mass  Large regions of the ocean have water with about the same temperature and salinity.  The Antarctic Bottom water is the most dense of all deep ocean water masses.

7. o Thermocline and Pynocline are essentially the same because the density of the seawater mainly depends on the temperature of the water. The deeper and deeper you get into the ocean the colder and denser the ocean gets.

8. There are many things that contribute to the circulation in the ocean: first there’s the wind, second there’s thermocline and pynocline, and Third is the Coriolis effect. It takes one year from the water to complete one circulation loop.

9.  It takes force to make a mass of material move in a curved path instead of a straight line. The force that seems to make the water move in a curved path is the Coriolis force.  The overall circulation of the oceans depends in a very fundamental way on the Coriolis effect.

10. The circulation of the upper layer of the ocean is caused mainly by the friction force exerted on the ocean surface by the wind. This friction force is called wind stress. The wind causes there to be a steady normal pattern of waves and currents along the ocean surface.

11. Gyres  A circular motion of water in each of the major ocean basins In the North hemisphere the gyre circulates clockwise. In the Southern hemisphere the gyre circulates counter- clockwise. Gyres affect the world’s climate because it helps transport heat energy from low latitudes where the earth is warmed by the sun to high latitudes where the earth loses surface heat to outer space.

12. Surface Currents  Location: Surface of the ocean  Speed: The flow is faster.  Depth Affected: Affected surface layer.  Cause: Density, temperature, and salinity.

13. Deep Currents  Location: at the bottom of the ocean  Speed: slower flow  Depth affected: Greater thickness of the ocean  Cause: Density, temperature and salinity. Scientists think that the cause of deep ocean circulation occurs when the mixing is caused by the warm water rising to the top, it’s possible it might be caused by tides.

14. Temperatures Temperature’s on the east side of the continents are always warm Temperature’s on the west side of the continents are always cold.

15. Upwelling The upward movement of ocean water from deep in ocean to the surface The upward movement of the deep water is called coastal upwelling and this occurs when the wind pushes the water offshore and causes deeper water to rise to the surface near the coast Upwelling is very important because it moves the deep water, which is rich in nutrients, to the surface, and also because upwelling supports about half of the world fisheries even though these cool waters amount for only ten percent of the surface area of world ocean.

16. Downwelling of ocean water from the surface. Downwelling is the downward movement

17. Walker Circulation The walker circulation are circulation cells within the equatorial atmosphere caused by differences in climate.

18. During an El Nino everything changes like the climate, weather, the currents both deep and surface, and the temperatures in the water. El Niño event can last from 2-3 years

19. El Niño and our Weather/Climate  Climatologists predict that earths climate will continue its warming trend at an increasing rate, probably because of the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by burning oil, coal, and natural gas. El Niño affects all of the states in the U.S. one way or another.

20. Climate changes during El Niño  The area of humid, rising air and abundant rainfall shifts eastward to the central pacific and even the eastern pacific. The western area is unusually dry. Sometimes there is an extreme drought there, and sometimes there are torrential rains and flooding in the normally arid areas along the west coast of South America. The easterly winds that blow near the equator weaken, and sometimes even reverse.

21. Jet Stream El Niño affects the jet steams patterns, variations in the jet stream, which is a current of fast-moving air in the upper atmosphere, lead to changes in overall weather patterns.

22. Upwelling during El Niño Upwelling during el Niño year changes drastically. This change brings a decrease in the amount of fish that we catch, because the warm water that rises to the coast makes fish go away from their regular area in order to find colder water and food. Many fish die during this time.