1. Phrases and Clauses THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF SENTENCES

2. PHRASE a group of words that does not have both a subject and a verb

3. CLAUSE a group of words with both a subject & verb

4. What’s the difference between a phrase & a clause?

5. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE a complete thought that can stand alone

6. DEPENDENT CLAUSE group of words with both a subject and verb; cannot stand alone or it is a fragment

7. Independent clauses = a foundation and the frame of the house.

8. dependent clauses = like the windows or doors (they enhance what is already there, but can’t function alone)

9. Sentence Building Independent & Dependent Start constructing with ___________________. Improve sentence structure by adding _____________________.

10. DEPENDENT CLAUSES ADJECTIVE STARTERS 1) THAT 2) WHO 3) WHOM 4) WHOSE 5) WHICH

11. EXAMPLES The dog who lives by me is nice. The show that I watch is good. Jerry Spinelli is the author who wrote Maniac McGee.

12. DEPENDENT CLAUSES ADVERB STARTERS afterin order that until althoughsince when asso that whenever becausethan where beforethough wherever if unless while

13. Examples 1.After I danced, … 2.Because he was hungy,… 3.Until I get an A+, … 4.When I get my new pony, … 5.Since I love SpongeBob, …

14. Complex Sentence 1)One or more dependent clauses 2)One independent clause Since his breath is stinky, in the morning he brushes his teeth!

15. SENTENCE TYPES 1.SIMPLE 2.COMPOUND 3.COMPLEX 4.COMPOUND-COMPLEX

16. SIMPLE SENTENCE one independent clause I like SpongeBob.

17. COMPOUND 2 or more independent clauses I like SpongeBob, and I like Plankton.

18. COMPOUND 2 or more independent clauses I like SpongeBob; I like Plankton.

19. How do we punctuate compound sentences? 1)Comma and a conjunction 2)Semicolon SpongeBob makes crabby patties. They are quite delicious!

20. COMPLEX independent + dependent Because he makes me laugh, I like SpongeBob.

21. Dependent clause punctuation Add a comma when a dependent clause starts a sentence Because he makes me laugh, I like SpongeBob.

22. Dependent clause punctuation Do not use a comma when the dependent clause is not at the beginning of a sentence. I like SpongeBob because he makes me laugh.

23. COMPOUND COMPLEX 2 INDEPENDENT + 1 DEPENDENT =

24. EXAMPLES Because they make me laugh, I like SpongeBob, and I like Plankton.

25. Turn these into complex _______________, I eat it quite often. ________________, I was punished! The dog, ______________, is stinky!

26. Turn these to compound I like dogs, but… I don’t like that they shed hair! Magicians love bunnies, and… they hide them in their hats!

27. COMMAS AFTER INTRODUCTORY WORDS AFTER INTRODUCTORY PHRASES AFTER INTRODUCTORY CLAUSES BETWEEN 2 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES BEFORE THE CONJUNCTION

28. Introductory Words Unfortunately, I love chocolate. Therefore, I eat it often. Also, I like ice cream. But, I am allergic to it. Thus, I should not eat it. Once, I saw a Yettie. Next, I saw Bigfoot. Finally, I caught a leprechaun!

29. Introductory Phrases To be or not to be, that is the question. Inside the small garden, there is a gnome. (prep phrases of 4 or more)

30. Introductory Dependent Clauses When I grow up, … Before I become president, … Since I am so short, … Until I study for my test, …

31. BETWEEN INDEPENDENT St. Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland, but he was originally British. St. Patrick was captured by Irish raiders, and he worked as a slave for 6 years. St. Patrick had a dream to escape, so he walked 200 miles to the shore.