1. Democratic Reforms of the 19 th Century Britain Expands Democracy

2. Traditional Government Britain became a constitutional monarchy when Charles II took the throne in 1662 Wealthy landowners still controlled Parliament The increase in education during industrialization forced a change in government, the working class, women, & colonists all wanted a voice in government

3. Democratic Progress The Enlightenment, industrialization, and political revolutions that occurred in the 18 th century encouraged peaceful political reform in Great Britain Only 5% of the population had a voice in government British land owners feared rebellion so they decided to share the power

4. Reforms Reform Bill of 1832-gave middle class men the right to vote and gave urban areas representation in Parliament Chartists wanted secret ballots, no land requirement to serve in Parliament, and salaries for Members of Parliament Women began to fight for the right to vote during the 1800s

5. France Third Republic emerges after the Franco- Prussian War Dreyfus Affair—Jewish officer framed & convicted of treason, revealed European Anti-Semitism Zionism developed in response, the Jews wanted to return to a homeland in Palestine, the Romans had kicked them out in 76 AD

6. British Colonies Canada, New Zealand, & Australia all were made dominions (given home rule) because culturally they were very similar to the British Ireland, South Africa, & India also had movements for home rule but the British refused to give them independence, ETHNOCENTRISM/RACISM

7. Ireland British imposed their culture & attempted to destroy the Irish culture, banned schools & the Celtic language Catholic vs. Protestant, Northern Ireland had a large Protestant population Potato Famine 1848-more Irish in US than Ireland

8. 1916 Uprising-Angered the British IRA developed to fight for home rule 1921 granted independence but Northern Ireland remains part of Britain Conflict in Northern Ireland redevelops during the 1970s Ireland

9. Technology Explosion Edison-light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures Eastman-Kodak film, motion picture film Bell-telephone Marconi-radio Ford-assembly-line built automobiles Wright Brothers-flight One invention leads to another and the rate keeps increasing

10. Medicine Germ Theory- Louis Pasteur discovers bacteria causes disease Joseph Lister links bacteria to post surgery deaths, surgeons begin sterilizing equipment Vaccines developed to fight disease

11. Science Darwin proposes theory of evolution, still controversial today Mendel-genetics, traits passed to offspring Dalton-all matter made of atoms Medeleev-creates the Periodic Table of Elements Curie’s discover radioactivity Rutherford-atoms have nucleus surrounded by electrons

12. Social Sciences Archaeology, anthropology, & psychology all develop in late 19 th century Scientists want to explain human behavior & development Freud-conscious & unconscious both influence human behavior Pavlov-animals (people too) can be trained for automatic response

13. Mass Culture The increase in education led to a larger market for art, music, & literature Labor reforms lead to more leisure time which also increased the market for the arts Spectator sports also developed Music, vaudeville, & movies also spread cultural ideas