1. STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF CELLS LECTURE #15 MS. DAY HONORS BIOLOGY

2. All living things are made of cells
CELL THEORY
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism
Basic unit of life
Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells
Using cell division

3. Bacterial Cell (Prokaryote)
CELL TYPES
Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell
(Eukaryote)
Plant Cell
(Eukaryote)
Bacterial Cell (Prokaryote)
**SMALLEST

4. Contain 4 basic cell structures:
ALL CELLS…
Contain 4 basic cell structures:
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA
**not an organelle

5. PROKARYOTES: THE FIRST CELLS
Simplest and smallest type of cell
Ex: bacteria
NO nucleus
NO/FEW organelles
1 Single, circular chromosome (piece of DNA)

6. PROKARYOTES Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA (NO nulceus)
Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall
Contain ribosomes in their cytoplasm to make proteins
Has cilia for reproduction and flagella for movement

7. THINK: “You carry a lot…of stuff”
EUKARYOTES
All eukaryotic cells HAVE:
a Nucleus
membrane-bound organelles
These cell types (examples) includes:
protists
fungi
plants
animals
More complex type
of cells
THINK: “You carry a lot…of stuff”

8. TWO MAIN TYPES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

9. ORGANELLES Very small Perform various functions for cell
Mostly found in the cytoplasm
May or may not be membrane- bound

10. BASIC ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus
Ribosome (free)
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus

11. BASIC PLANT CELL ORGANELLES

12. CELL OR PLASMA MEMBRANE (aka: phospholipid bilayer)
STRUCTURE
Made of double layer (bilayer) of:
phospholipids and proteins
Surrounds outside of ALL cells
FUNCTION (JOB)
Controls what enters or leaves the cell
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains

13. CELL WALL STRUCTURE Found in: plants Made of cellulose Fungi
Made of chitin
Bacteria
Made of different sugar
NOT IN ANIMAL CELLS!!!
FUNCTION (JOB)
Protect
Maintain shape
CELL WALL
Cell wall

14. CYTOPLASM (aka: cytosol)
STRUCTURE
Jelly-like substance
Mostly water
aqueous solution
FUNCTION (JOB)
solution for chemical reactions to take place in
Holds organelles
cytoplasm

15. NUCLEUS STRUCTURE Contains the DNA
Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
FUNCTION (JOB)
Controls the normal activities of the cell
Nuclear pores

16. NUCLEOLUS STRUCTURE Inside nucleus Cell may have 1 to 3
Disappears when cell divides
FUNCTION (JOB)
Makes ribosomes (ribosomal subunits)

17. MITOCHONDRION (PLURAL = MITOCHONDRIA)
STRUCTURE
Bean shape
DOUBLE membrane
Has its own DNA
FUNCTION
“Powerhouse” of cell
Makes cellular energy (ATP) using CELLULAR RESPIRATION

18. CHLOROPLASTS STRUCTURE Bean shape DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA
FUNCTION (JOB)
Found only in autotrophs
Carries out photosynthesis

19.  RIBOSOMES STRUCTURE Made of PROTEINS and rRNA
Think: “RIB”s are meat; meat is protein
FUNCTION (JOB)
Make proteins
Hooks amino acids to make proteins
Process called TRANSLATION 

20. RIBOSOMES (CON’T) Can be attached or bound to Rough ER
Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm

21. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
STRUCTURE
Has ribosomes on its surface
FUNCTION (JOB)
Helps to make proteins for export out of cell

22. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
STRUCTURE
NO ribosomes on its surface
Usually attached to RER
Hollow tubes
FUNCTION (JOB)
Makes lipids
Destroys toxins (liver)

23. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODIES)
STRUCTURE
Stacks of flat sacs (NOT CONNECTED!)
Looks like pancakes
with syrup drips
“Pankcakes” NOT connected
FUNCTION (JOB)
Modify
Sort
Package
Molecules for storage OR transport in vesicles
Transport vesicle
“syrup bubble”

24. CYTOSKELETON STRUCTURE FUNCTION (JOB) Made of proteins
Microfilaments are threadlike
Microtubules are tube- like
FUNCTION (JOB)
Help maintain cell shape
Help move things around cell

25. CENTRIOLES STRUCTURE FUNCTION (JOB) In animal cells ONLY
Inside CENTROSOMES
Paired structures near nucleus (“t” shape”)
Made of microtubules
FUNCTION (JOB)
Appear during cell division
Help pull chromosomes apart

26. CENTRIOLES & THE MITOTIC SPINDLE
**Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)

27. CILIA & FLAGELLA STRUCTURE Made of microtubules Shorter more numerous
Longer
fewer (usually 1-3)

28. Moves fluids, gases or small particles across cell surface
CILIA & FLAGELLA
FUNCTION (JOB) of Flagella
Moves WHOLE cells
FUNCTION (JOB) of Cilia
Moves fluids, gases or small particles across cell surface

29. LYSOSOMES STRUCTURE FUNCTION (JOB) They have a low pH (acidic!)
Contain digestive enzymes
FUNCTION (JOB)
Break down/recycle food, bacteria & old cell parts
Think= “Lysol” cleaner
(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
1 µm
Lysosome contains
active hydrolytic
enzymes
Food vacuole fuses with lysosome
Hydrolytic
enzymes digest
food particles
Digestion
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Lysosome
Digestive
Nucleus

30. VACUOLES STRUCTURE Sacks for storage Small or absent in animal cells
Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole
No vacuoles in bacterial cells
Storage for water, food, wastes, enzymes, etc…

31. NOW…LET’S PRACTICE 