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Organelles of the Cell
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Three Sections of the Cell
cytoplasm All cells take in food, rid waste, reproduce 3 main sections 1) Plasma membrane 2) Nucleus 3) Cytoplasm
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Cytoplasm Jelly-like material inside of the cell
Most organelles float within Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes
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Cytoplasm Jelly-like material inside of the cell
Most organelles float within Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes Department of General Instrumentation (KUN) (E.S. Pierson, B. van der Linden) Cytoplasmic streaming!
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Cytoplasm Jelly-like material inside of the cell
Most organelles float within Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts ER Golgi Body Lysosomes Job: Help dissolve solutes & move materials around
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Plasma Membrane Aka: Cell Membrane
O H O Plasma Membrane glucose glucose Protein channel lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid Aka: Cell Membrane Composition: Bilayer of lipids & proteins Job: Allow materials to enter/exit Semi-Permeable: only specific materials may enter and exit through pores & protein channels – NOT EVERYTHING can pass through. glucose glucose
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Nucleus Job: Controls cell activity Inside: 1) Chromatin
long strands of DNA holds info to make proteins 2) Nucleolus: makes ribosomes nucleolus nucleolus
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
nucleolus chromatin nuclear envelope Rough ER Receives ribosomes from the nucleoulus Job: Tunnel system that transports protein making ribosomes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER Receives ribosomes from the nucleus Job: Tunnel system that transports protein making ribosomes Smooth ER: makes fats & breaks down toxins (no ribosomes)
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Ribosomes Created by nucleolus Transported by the rough ER
protein Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome ribosome Created by nucleolus Transported by the rough ER Job: make proteins
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Golgi Body Job: Modifies, sorts, & packages proteins
Proteins released inside a protective vesicle
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Protein Shipment 1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes
Nucleus vesicle nucleolus ribosome protein 1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes 2) Ribosome travels through rough ER making proteins
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Protein Shipment vesicle p r o t e i n ribosome p r o t e i n protein
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Protein Shipment 1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes
vesicle vesicle protein p r o t e i n 1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes 2) Ribosome travels through rough ER making proteins 3) Golgi Body sorts & packages the protein 4) Vesicle releases the protein from the cell
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Protein Shipment 1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes
2) Ribosome travels through rough ER making proteins 3) Golgi Body sorts & packages the protein 4) Vesicle releases the protein from the cell
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1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor
Which organelle builds proteins? ____________ Stores DNA? ____________ Produces ribosomes? ___________ Creates fats and breaks down toxins? ___________ Packages and releases proteins from a cell? __________ Allows material to enter/exit a cell? ______________ Links chains of amino acids together? ______________ Ribosome Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth ER Golgi body Cell membrane Ribosome
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1 minute: Discuss with your neighboor
Place the following steps of protein creation in order from start to finish…. A: Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vesicle B: Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins C: Nucleolus makes ribosomes D: Ribosomes exit the nucleus
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The Answer is…. Place the following steps of protein creation in order from start to finish…. C: Nucleolus makes ribosomes D: Ribosomes exit the nucleus B: Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins A: Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vesicle
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Job: Create ATP (energy molecule) in a process called cellular respiration
Endosymbiosis theory: once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells Evidence: Own DNA & ribosomes Make proteins Replicate Mitochondria
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Endosymbiosis Mitochondria ancestor
The process continues. Overtime, the two are dependent on each other. A large predator cell devours the mitochondria ancestor The predator cell divides, splitting apart the mitochondria Mitochondria survive and divide
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Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Jobs: 1) Break down food protein
cell p r o t e i n Lysosome (with enzymes inside)
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Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Jobs: 1) Break down food
2) Kill pathogens White blood cell Lysosome (with enzymes inside)
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Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Jobs: 1) Break down food
2) Kill pathogens 3) Autolysis: Destroy dying cell
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Cilia & Flagella Job: movement
Sperm cells swim with their flagellum flagellum Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)
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Cilia & Flagella Job: movement
Fertilized egg grows into a fetus Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)
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Cilia & Flagella Job: movement
9 months later… Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)
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Cilia & Flagella Job: movement
14 years later… Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)
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Cilia & Flagella Job: movement
4 years later… Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)
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Cilia & Flagella Job: movement
Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few) Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)
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Cell Wall Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells plants
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Cell Wall Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells
Job: Adds support for growth Cell Wall Cell wall Plasma membrane
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Cell Wall Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells
Job: Adds support for growth Made of tough cellulose Hard to digest Witnessed by Robert Hooke in 1665 Cell Wall
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Chloroplast Job: Perform photosynthesis chloroplasts
Several dozen plant cells… lets zoom in
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Chloroplast Job: Perform photosynthesis
Look for them flowing in the cytoplasm during our lab activity!
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Chloroplast Job: Perform photosynthesis
Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars
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Chloroplast Job: Perform photosynthesis
Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars Endosymbiosis theory: were once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells Evidence: Own DNA and ribosomes Make proteins Replicate Chloroplast ancestor
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Vacuole Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments
Plant cells: Large central vacuole vacuole
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Vacuole Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments
Plant cells: Large central vacuole Central Vacuole Cytoplasmic streaming
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Vacuole Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments
Plant cells: Large central vacuole Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles vacuoles
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Vacuole Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments
Plant cells: Large central vacuole Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles
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Kobe Kuiz Pick an organelle…any organelle. Describe its function.
Name 7 organelles that can be found within the cytoplasm. Describe the pathway that proteins travel from creation to exportation. List various reasons to help support the theory of endosymbiosis. Name two organelles that plant cells have and animal cells do not. Which organelle creates ATP energy for cells? Which organelle converts sunlight into sugar? Which organelle creates ribosomes? Which organelle fuses with the cell membrane to release proteins? Which molecule holds the information to make a protein?
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