1. Primary Sources: Intro and Quoting

2. Primary Sources
Primary Source: source that is also your subject of study; the original words or ideas of a writer or researcher; “first-hand” information
Examples: works of literature, speeches, letters, original research (experiments, surveys, interviews, etc.)

3. Preview of Secondary Sources
Secondary Source: source written by someone else about primary materials or some other topic; “second- hand” information
Examples: scholarly books and essays, periodical articles (newspapers, magazines, journals), reputable websites

4. Quotations
Borrowed ideas presented in the exact language of the source.
Must be enclosed in quotation marks
Use the source’s words, punctuation, spacing, etc. exactly as they appear in the source (unless indicated with ellipsis points or brackets)

5. Essay 3 Requirements
About six quoted lines per page total (25% of essay), including both primary and secondary sources.
Use at least two quotations from the story or stories in each analysis paragraph to illustrate your observations or provide needed detail.
Be selective: Save quotations from the primary sources (the stories) for important material and paraphrase the rest (put into your own words).
Recognize that quotations don’t have to be lengthy. Short quotations, even phrases, can work well.

6. Integrating Quotations Correctly from Your Primary Sources
Introduce the quotation
Use a short phrase with a comma
Use a full sentence with a colon
Combine with your own sentence with no additional punctuation
Include the author’s name.
Include the page number (if there is one) in parentheses at the end of the quotation.
Place the final period after the parentheses.

7. Short Phrase with Comma
As Desiree herself claims, “It is a lie; it is not true, I am white!” (Chopin).
NOTES:
You also may need to indicate which character is speaking.
If there is punctuation other than a period to end the quotation, include it inside the quotation marks and still place a period after the parentheses.
Not all stories have page numbers. If there is no page number, simply omit it.

8. Full Sentence with Colon
The narrator summarizes Louise’s transformation near the end of the story: “There was a feverish triumph in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory” (Chopin).
NOTES:
The full sentence introduction often summarizes or previews the quotation for the reader.
Only a colon may be used to join the full sentence introduction to the quotation.

9. NOT: The narrator summarizes Louise’s transformation near the end of the story. “There was a feverish triumph in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory” (Chopin).
NOT: The narrator summarizes Louise’s transformation near the end of the story, “There was a feverish triumph in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory” (Chopin).

10. Your Sentence, No Punctuation
Miss Brill senses “something light and sad” at the park (Mansfield 183).
NOTES:
If there is a page number, include it after the author’s name. Include a space but no punctuation between them).

11. It has to make sense!
Integration: Fit the quotation into your sentence so that it is logically, grammatically, and stylistically effective.
NOT: After Armand finds out the baby’s race, he talks to Desiree “it was with averted eyes, from which the old love-light seemed to have gone out” (Chopin).
INSTEAD: After Armand finds out the baby’s race, he talks to Desiree “with averted eyes, from which the old love-light seemed to have gone out” (Chopin).

12. NOT: One piece of evidence in the story is, “But to-day she passed the baker's by, climbed the stairs, went into the little dark room–her room like a cupboard–and sat down on the red eiderdown” (Mansfield 189).
INSTEAD: After the devastating conversation of the couple at the park, “she passed the baker's by, climbed the stairs, went into the little dark room–her room like a cupboard–and sat down on the red eiderdown” (Mansfield 189).

13. Ellipsis Points for Omitted Material
After the devastating conversation of the couple at the park, “she passed the baker's by, climbed the stairs, went into the little dark room–her room like a cupboard–and sat down on the red eiderdown” (Mansfield 189).
After the devastating conversation of the couple at the park, “she passed the baker's by, climbed the stairs, went into her room like a cupboard–and sat down on the red eiderdown” (Mansfield 189).

14. After the devastating conversation of the couple at the park, “she passed the baker's by, climbed the stairs, went into the little dark room–her room like a cupboard–and sat down on the red eiderdown” (Mansfield 189).
After the devastating conversation of the couple at the park, “she passed the baker's by, climbed the stairs, went into the little dark room–her room like a cupboard . . .” (Mansfield 189).
NOTE: You do not need to use ellipsis points if you omit something from the beginning of a quotation or if you keep only a short phrase.

15. Brackets for Added Material
After the devastating conversation of the couple at the park, “she passed the baker's by, climbed the stairs, went into the little dark room–her room like a cupboard–and sat down on the red eiderdown” (Mansfield 189).
After the devastating conversation of the couple at the park, “she [Miss Brill] passed the baker's by, climbed the stairs, [and] went into the little dark room–her room like a cupboard . . .” (Mansfield 189).

16. Block Quotations More than 4 lines in your essay
Full-sentence introduction, generally followed by colon
Indent one inch (or two tabs)
Omit quotation marks around entire quotation

17. Miss Brill comes to believe that she is an important part of life at the park: Oh, how fascinating it was! How she enjoyed it! How she loved sitting here, watching it all! It was like a play. It was exactly like a play. Who could believe the sky at the back wasn't painted? But it wasn't till a little brown dog trotted on solemn and then slowly trotted off, like a little "theatre" dog, a little dog that had been drugged, that Miss Brill discovered what it was that made it so exciting. They were all on stage. They weren't only the audience, not only looking on; they were acting. Even she had a part and came every Sunday. No doubt somebody would have noticed if she hadn't been there; she was part of the performance after all. (Mansfield ) The remainder of paragraph continues here, from the regular left margin.

18. Internal Quotations
If the passage you are quoting contains quotation marks within it, change them to single quotation marks.
NOT: The other soldiers accept the narrator after his cruel actions: ““The lad’s all right,” one of them said, winking and scooping up the cabbage soup with his spoon” (Babel).
INSTEAD: The other soldiers accept the narrator after his cruel actions: “‘The lad’s all right,’ one of them said, winking and scooping up the cabbage soup with his spoon” (Babel).

19. Quoting Dialogue
If you quote dialogue (conversation) that continues over more than one paragraph, use the block quotation format, regardless of the length of the quotation.
Duplicate the line breaks, indentations, and use of quotation marks.

20. Quoting Dialogue Example
The final exchange between Desiree and Armand illustrates, finally, Desiree's utter dependence on Armand: He said nothing. “Shall I go, Armand?” she asked in tones sharp with agonized suspense. “Yes, go.” “Do you want me to go?” “Yes, I want you to go.” (Chopin) Tragically, this exchange and the dependence it illustrates lead directly to Desiree’s death, both emotionally and physically.