1. Real-Time Systems, Events, Triggers

2. Real-Time Systems A system that has operational deadlines from event to system response A system whose correctness depends on the logical results and the time in which results are produced Key Issues –System evolution –Composibility –Software engineering –Performance guarantees –Reliability & formal verification –General system issues –Programming languages –Education

3. Real World Examples –Intelligent vehicle highway systems –Avionics –Air traffic Control Systems –Multi media –Virtual reality –Defense applications –Nuclear Power Plants –Medical Applications –Process control

4. Brake Pads –Dynamically measure the pressure –TactArray Sensors: pressures up to 2000 psi at temperatures up 200C

5. Gastrointestinal Diagnostic equipment Measures the pressures applied by muscles in the GI tract

6. FingerTPS To teach doctors performing physical manipulations in a consistent and repeatable way System records and displays finger and palm pressures exerted during treatment

7. Soft v. Hard Real-Time Systems Hard real-time Mission critical systems Catastrophic consequences Soft real-time Statistical margin of error No significant financial loss

8. Design Priorities Design of HRT is fundamentally different than that of SRT –HRT – temporal domain is as critical as value domain –SRT – temporal domain is not critical as value domain

9. Real-Time Task Models Periodic –Continuous & deterministic pattern of time interval –Characterized as a tuple (C,T) e.g., robotics application: s ensor data & network transmission

10. Real-Time Task Models Aperiodic –Non-deterministic request periods –Event driven real-time systems –e.g. Ejection of a pilot seat

11. Technology Trends System on a chip –Integrating all components on a single chip –Cost-effective if mass-produced

12. Low-Level Design –Reentrancy Disable/enable interrupts EnterCritical / ExitCritical Semaphores

13. Example: Blinking LED v. 1.0v. 2.0

14. RT Development Issues –Driving force There is an increasing demand for RT embedded systems in various places and novel scenarios Safer, cheaper and more reliable Moving away from old, clunky “legacy systems” –High level challenges System evolution Open real time systems Composibility Software engineering

15. Challenges – System Evolution System Evolution –Keeping up with technology trends –System upgrades –Personnel turnover –Vendor changes –Equipment Upgrades –Cost analysis – new system vs. system upgrade

16. Challenges – Open RT Systems –How to create general solution to coexist and support with very specific needs? –Real-time architecture Processor speed, caches, memory, buses, and I/O devises Multiple applications doing various things (scheduling) –Perfect execution vs. price $50 Good enough vs $400 perfect

17. Challenges – Composability Function Time Fault Tolerance COTS integration, Web services Properties at component level must hold at system level Properties of an ideal component: –Service provision –Validation –Error containment –Reusability –Design and maintenance Principles –Independent development of components –Stability of prior services –Constructive integration

18. Challenges – Software Engineering Need to rapidly develop and deploy large, complex systems Software engineering principles Processes, methods, tools Existing middleware platform do not meet all needs –Evolvability, timing constraints, dependability, etc.

19. Challenges – Performance Science of performance guarantees Determining how system will perform under various workloads and still being able to abide by certain requirements (predictability) Larger, dynamic systems in various domains and environments Determining worst-case scenarios Deterministic and probabilistic algorithms

20. Challenges – V & V Simulation, testing, and validation Expensive time consuming TLYF – Test Like You Fly Proving it works Meeting various Quality of Service Requirements Timing validation Scheduling

21. Verification and Validation Composable architectures will shift focus back to product validation Knowledge about worst-case execution time Rare event simulations –Validate fault-tolerance –Peak-load performance Formal verification –Critical algorithms