1. Freshwater

2. Lake Classification Trophic system More Eutrophic Mesotrophic
Oligotrophic
Dystrophic
More
Fish, size, closed or fed, etc.

3. Freshwater Chemistry Total amount of ions called TDS Cations
Mg+2 17%
Na+ 15%
K+ 4%
When Ca and Mg is high called hardwater lake due to high buffering capacity called softwater when low
The low calcium within Lake Superior is making it more resistant to zebra mussel invasion

4. Freshwater Chemistry Anions
HCO3- 73%
SO4-2 16%
Cl- 10%
Best understood ion is hydrogen ion due to it determining pH
Average lake pH is about 7.2
Average lake pH is about 7.4

5. Acid
Acid
Caused by the excessive amounts of sulfur and nitrogen released by cars, industrial processes, or volcanoes
Dry-sticks to dust or stays around with smoke
Wet-any form which removes the acid from the surface and deposits it on Earth’s surface
Kills many smaller fish and eggs in lakes due to them not being able to tolerate large differences in pH
Mercury can also be carried in acid rain and be transferred to fish crating the possibility of mercury poisoning

6. Lake Physical Properties
Can become salt water if it has no way no remove water
Water carries minerals
Nothing carries minerals away
98% of all accessible surface water is contained in lakes
Due to solid form of water being less dense whole lakes won’t freeze solid

7. Our effect on Lakes Valuable to us for Pollution Trade routes
Irrigation
Drinking water
Climatic control
Hydro-electric energy
Pollution
Point- able to trace back to origins
Nonpoint- not able to trace back to origins

8. Human impact on lakes Damming Invasive species Pollution
Downstream destruction
Upstream flooding
Invasive species
Disrupts local ecology
Pollution
Kills organisms

9. River geography Most sediment deposition occurs in plains
Most have a delta at the end of the river where the river srivers plits into many channels and deposit sediment
The goal of the river is to create a wide flat valley to flow to the ocean
When a river meets the ocean or sea they form estuaries
Meanders are constant bends in rivers

10. Human impact on rivers Levees Pollution
The flooding of plains deposit nutrients which allow flood plains to flourish
Levees prevent these flood plains from receiving their nutrients
Levees also cause the flooding to happen somewhere else either up or downstream
Pollution
Rivers are also effected by point and non-point pollution
Though much of the pollution is downstream rather then upstream

11. Groundwater
Overuse of groundwater is called overdraft
Problem in arid areas for running out of water
Also problem in hyporheic zones
Pollution
Very susceptible to pollution
Subsidence
The deflation of land due to the decrease of hydraulic pressure underground

12. Icebergs and sea ice
An iceberg is a floating piece of ice which has broken or calved off of a glacier
An iceberg has 90% of it’s mass underwater
Ice types
Pancake ice- round slushy ice which is 30cm to 3m in diameter
Brash ice- accumulation of floating ice no more then 2m across, wreckage of other ice
Ice cake- any flat piece of ice less then 20m across
Polynya- an area of open ocean surrounded by sea ice

13. Sea ice Grease ice- very thin soupy layer of clumped frazil ice
Frazil ice- a collection of loose needlelike ice
Fast ice- ice which forms and is attached to the coast
Ice floe-any flat piece of ice 20m or more across
Small m
Medium m
Big m
Vast 2-10km
Giant >10km