1. Section 2.8 The New Monarchies

2. Monarchs begin to crack Feudalism Guarantee protection of law Heredity viewed favorably –By bourgeoisie (town people) Begin to tax –To pay for large armies –Feudal law and custom Incorporate Roman Law for prestige –Titles of majesty and sovereign

3. Question: What would Machiavelli think of the New Monarchs?

4. Origins, Nature, and Accomplishments England’s New Monarchy Parliament controlled by feudal lords (blocked consolidation) Tudors emerge victorious after War of RosesWar of Roses –Between houses of York and Lancaster Had slowed trade, agriculture, industry York Lancaster

5. Elizabeth of York Henry Tudor, a Lancastrian claimant The Tudor Dynasty: Henry VII Henry VIII Mary Tudor Edward Elizabeth

6. England’s New Monarchy Henry VII (1485-1509) –Passed laws against livery and maintenance –Weakens Barons Lords prevented from maintaining private armies and wearing livery (family insignia) –Passed laws favoring upper middle class Trade, money interests Star Chamber –King’s private council –No jury present –Ignore parliament –Decided property disputes, disturbances of peace –Accepted because it kept order

7. France’s New Monarchy Charles VII (1422-1461) and Louis XI of Valois Family –Charles expelled English in 1453 Except Calais –Reorganized royal council Gave more power to middle class –Built up royal army Established regular companies of cavalry, archers (paid by king) –Controlled taxes Gabelle (salt tax) and Taille (land tax) –Controlled clergy Concordat of Bologna –Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction (1438) »Had denied Pope revenue –Pope received annates ($ from French clergymen) –Louis got to appoint bishops and abbots

8. Spain’s New Monarchy Aragon and Castile –Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain through marriage –True unifying force was Catholicism Crusade against Moors Inquisition served as unifying legal force Catholicism viewed as Spanishness

9. Spain’s New Monarchy Catholicism viewed as Spanishness Reconquista-Jews and Moors expelled in 1492 Moriscos (Muslim converts) and Marranos (Jewish converts) were viewed as “unfaithful” Inquisition tortured thousands Spain emerged as “defender of the faith” Exported Catholicism to New World Crusade mentality permeated society

10. Holy Roman Empire’s New Monarchy Comprised of 3 States Princely States- hereditary dynasties (Brandenburg) Ecclesiastical- Abbacies (owned vast amounts of territory) Imperial Free Cities- (about 50) bourgeoisie dominated Imperial Knights-lords of small estates (loyal to HRE) –Emperor Elected by Princes (fiercely independent/jealous) By 1452 had dwindled to 7 electors –Elected Hapsburgs from Austria Ruled HRE until 1806 Charles I

11. Rise of Hapsburgs Maximilian I (1493-1519) marries heiress of Burgundy and Netherlands Their Son Philip marries Joanna of Spain (heiress to Ferdinand and Isabella) Their son Charles I inherits Austria, Netherlands, Burgundy, Spain, New World Elected HRE in 1519 as Charles V His brother Ferdinand is elected King of Bohemia and Hungary Fear of Universal Monarchy spreads Results in Balance of Power Charles I of Spain and Charles V of the HRE

12. Stage is Set for Revolution Image of Church greatly diminished Few reform-minded leaders in Church Monarchs are centralizing power Fear of Universal Monarchy ushers in new alliances