1. First Aid Notes… Lectures...
Welcome to the world of First Aid! After this lecture, you will know more about First Aid.

2. Content Page Introduction (First Aid) Wounds Bleedings Fractures Burns
Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation
Shock
Asthma Attack

3. Introduction (First Aid)
What is First Aid?
Aims of First Aid
The ABC of Life
First Aid Priority
4 stages of consciousness
Examination Techniques

4. What is First Aid?
Initial help given to a casualty before the arrival of professionals

5. Aims of First Aid To preserve life To promote recovery
To prevent others injuries

6. The ABC of Life
Airway- Check the airways are open and clear, no obstructions
Breathing- Look and see that the chest is rising and falling. Sound of breathing
Circulation- Check for pulse

7. First Aid Priority Safety Consciousness Pulse & Respiration Bleeding
Fractures
Poisoning
Shock
Disposal of casualty

8. 4 stages of consciousness
Fully Conscious
Drowsiness
Stupor
Coma

9. Examination Techniques
Hands- Check nails and palms for anaemia
Pulse- Check the rate, rhythm & volume
Blood pressure- Hypotension is low, hypotension is high
Head- Eyes, ears,lips and mouth
Neck- check not broken or bruised
Chest- Lungs and heart

10. Head- Eyes, ears,lips and mouth
Neck- check not broken or bruised
Chest- Lungs and heart
Abdomen- Liver, spleen, kidneys
Limps- Look, feel, move

11. Wounds Incised wound Laceration Abrasion(Graze) Contusion(Bruise)
Puncture wound
Gunshot wound
Treatments

12. Incised wound Straight Cut Profuse bleeding
Caused by blade/ broken glass

13. Laceration Rough tear by crushing on ripping forces
Bleed less profusely than incised wound
Often contaminated by germs

14. Abrasion(Graze) Caused by sliding fall of friction burn
Superficial wound

15. Contusion(Bruise)
Blunt blow
Caused by hammer etc.

16. Puncture wound Caused by nail and needle
Small site of entry deep track of internal damage
Risk of infection is high

17. Gunshot wound
Caused by bullet

18. Treatments Remove any clothing from around the wound
Clean the skin round the wound and irrigate the wound to remove any dirt
Cover it with a clean dressing

19. Dressing When applying sterile dressing… Remove the wrapping
Unfold the dressing pad, holding the bandage on each side of the pad. Put the pad directly on the wound.

20. Wind the short end of the bandage once around the limb and the dressing to secure the pad, leaving the tail hanging free
To secure the bandage, tie the ends in a reef knot, tied over the pad to exert firm pressure on the wound
Check the circulation to the extremity of the injured limb

21. Bleedings Arterial bleeding Venous bleeding Capillary bleeding
Treatment for bleeding
Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding

22. Arterial bleeding Bright red Spurts out Under high pressure
Richly oxgenated

23. Venous bleeding Dark red Gushing out
Under lesser pressure than arterial bleeding
Given up its oxygen

24. Capillary bleeding
Red in colour
Oozing out

25. Treatment for bleeding
Severe wounds
Apply direct pressure to the wound in order to stop the flow of the blood
Apply sterile dressing with firm pressure to control the bleeding
If there is no fracture, try to raise the limb that has been wounded & support it

26. Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding
Pale, clammy skin
Rapid and weak pulse
Rapid, shallow breathing
Tenderness in abdomen
Any pain of discomfort
Nausea and/or vomiting
Shock

27. Fractures
What is a fracture?
Types of fractures
Signs
Treatment

28. What is a fracture?
A closed, or simple, fracture is where the broken bone ends remain beneath the skin, whereas an open, or compound, fracture is where both ends of the bone protrude through the skin

29. Types of fractures Simple fracture Compound fracture
Complicated fracture ( includes organs)
Neck fracture
Skull fracture
Fractured ribs
Greenstick Fracture(happen to small children )

30. Signs Swelling Deformity or projecting bone ends
Severe pain, made worse by movement
Bruised
Tenderness

31. Treatment
Do not try to force the bones back together again but seek medical assistance
Treat all open wounds with a clean dressing
Splint the fractured area in exactly the position that you find it in, pending removal to hospital or the arrival of expert medical aid

32. If the arm is fracture, splint it, and then set up a sling if the arm can be moved across the chest.
Do not move the victim at all if you suspect a spinal injury

33. Burns
- Type of burn
First degree
Second degree
Third degree

34. First degree Top layer of skin Skin turns red and then peels off
Treatment: Rehydrating creams, Cool water at regular intervals

35. Second degree Deeper damage to the skin, causing blisters. Shock.
Treatment: Use antibacterial dressing, or leave wound undressed but kept scrupulously clean.

36. Third degree Damage to all layers of skin
Treatment: Requires specialist treatment

37. Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation
What is CPR?
Steps of CPR

38. What is CPR?
Used when the patient has stopped breathing and when there is no pulse
Only be performed by someone who has had training in this method

39. Steps of CPR Tilt victim’s head backwards in order to open the airway
Pinch the victim’s nose with thumb and forefinger
Take a deep breath, place your mouth tightly over the victim’s mouth and blow air from yours into their mouth

40. Stop blowing when the victim’s chest is expanded
Lift your hand from the victim and watch for the chest to fall. Give the victim further quick breaths, taking a deep breath yourself between each one.

41. Carry on blowing into the victim’s lungs at a rate of 12 breaths per minute until the victim begins to breathe on his or her own.
You can stop blowing at this stage.

42. Shock
What is shock?
Signs
Treatment

43. What is shock?
Rapid lowering of blood pressure owing to lack of circulating volume to vital body organs, such as the brain, heart, liver and kidneys.

44. Signs Weak and giddy Nausea/ may vomit Thirst Rapid shallow breathing
Weak Pulse

45. Treatment Lay casualty down Reassure the casualty
Raise and support the leg
Loosen tight clothing
Keep casualty warm
Check and record the casualty’s breathing, pulse, level of response

46. Asthma attack Treatment Reassure and calm casualty
Find a position that the person finds comfortable
Tell him/her to try taking slow, deep breaths
Help to find the reliever(Blue)

47. Allow casualty to use it and it will take effect within minutes
If attack eases within 5-10 minutes, encourage him/her to take another dose and breathe slowly and deeply
Tell casualty to inform doctor if attack is very severe or first attack

48. End of presentation!!
Hope you have learnt more
about First Aid !!!