1. The Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation was a split in the Catholic church in the 1500’s, due to certain types of corrupt Church practice.

2. What abuses were occurring within the Catholic Church? ■ Popes were competing with princes for power in Italy. ■ Patrons of the arts ■ Extravagant lifestyles ■ To finance these lifestyles, the Church raised fees and began to sell indulgences. ■ Indulgence – a reduced sentence in purgatory, before one’s soul could enter Heaven. An indulgence was purchasing forgiveness for a sin. How might that be wrong?

3. What was the big deal anyway? ■ 1517 – A priest named Johannes Tetzel used indulgences to raise money for rebuilding the Cathedral of St. Peter. ■ Buying an indulgence means you go to heaven, and so does your ENTIRE dead family. ■ Luther, a monk in school to become a priest, was outraged.

4. What did Martin Luther do? ■Luther published 95 theses against indulgences. ■Theses = arguments ■Said indulgences are not in the Bible (true). ■Pope has NO authority to release people from sins. ■Christians can only be saved through faith, not good deeds.

5. What was the Church’s reaction? ■Luther’s protest spread quickly. ■Invention of the printing press – allowed texts to be quickly copied. ■The Church ordered Luther to recant at the Diet of Worms. ■Recant – to take back something you said. ■Luther refused, so the Pope excommunicated him for heresy. ■Luther went into hiding and translated the Bible into German so common people can read it.

6. What were the teachings of Lutheranism? ■Salvation based on faith in God, not on good deeds. ■Bible is sole source of religious truth. ■Rejected church hierarchy – all Christians should have equal access to the teachings of Christ. ■Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints because they were not mentioned in the Bible.

7. Who was John Calvin? A Protestant reformer in Switzerland who’s ideas came to influence much of Europe and later, North America. He believed in strict Bible study, hard work, thrift, and the rejection of pleasure. A key idea was predestination, the belief that God has already chosen who will be saved. Calvinists’ stress on austerity led them to target the wealth & showiness of the Catholic Church, destroying icons & art.

8. What was the Peace of Augsburg? By 1530 (13 years after 95 Theses) the Protestant church was formed. ■ Clergy saw it as an answer to corruption. ■ Rulers wanted to weaken the Church. ■ More people were reading the Bible and saw the corruption first-hand. The Holy Roman emperor Charles V tried to force Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Church. They refused. The Peace of Augsburg allowed each prince to decide which religion would be followed in his lands.

9. What was the English Reformation? 1. King Henry VIII ■Strong Catholic (anti-Protestant) ■1 st wife had no sons to inherit throne, so Henry tried to get an annulment. Pope refused. ■Henry took the Church of England away from the pope and put it under his own control. ■Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer archbishop and Cranmer annulled marriage. ■A series of marriages followed.

11. What was Henry VIII’s legacy? ■ Son Edward becomes King after Henry’s death. ■ Daughter Mary becomes Queen after Edward dies in his teens. ■ Devout Catholic, burned many Protestants. “Bloody Mary”. ■ Daughter Elizabeth becomes Queen after Mary’s death. ■ Ruled Protestant, but with compromise. Ruler of England’s “Golden Age” – peace & exploration.

12. Roman Catholicism LutheranismCalvinismAnglicanism Founder Jesus ChristMartin LutherJohn CalvinKing Henry VIII Leadership Pope is head of church Ministers lead congregations Council of elders governs each church English monarch is head of church Salvation Salvation by faith and good works Salvation by faith alone God predetermines who will be saved Salvation by faith alone Bible Church and Bible traditions are sources of truth Bible is sole source of truth Worship Service Worship service based in ritual Worship service based on ritual and preaching Worship service focused on preaching Worship service based on ritual and preaching Interpretation of Beliefs Priests interpret the Bible and Church teachings for believers Believers interpret the Bible for themselves Believers interpret the Bible using tradition and reason