2. I.The Presidents A. Great Expectations Question # 1 B. Who They Are Question # 2 1. Americans want a president who is powerful and who can do good like Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt, and Kennedy.  Yet Americans do not like a concentration of power because they are individualistic and skeptical of authority. 1. Formal Requirements:  Must be 35 years old  Must be a natural-born citizen  Must have resided in U.S. for 14 years 2. Informal “Requirements”:  White, Male, Protestant (With some exceptions) 3. All manner of professions, but mostly political ones (former state governors, for example)

4. C. How They Got There Question # 3 1. Elections: The Normal Road to the White House  Once elected, the president serves a term of four years.  In 1951, the 22 nd Amendment limited the number of terms to two. 2. Succession  The vice president succeeds if the president leaves office due to death, resignation, or removal.  Under the 25 th Amendment, the vice president becomes acting president if the vice president and president’s cabinet determine that the president is disabled

5. C. How They Got There (cont.) 3. Impeachment  Impeachment is an accusation, requiring a majority vote in the House.  Charges may be brought for “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.”  If impeached, the president is tried by the Senate with the Chief Justice presiding.  Only two presidents have been impeached—Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton—and neither was convicted.

6. Section 1 Summary

7. II. Presidential Powers A.Constitutional Powers of the President Question # 4 b

8. B. The Expansion of Power Question # 5 C. Perspectives on Presidential Power Question # 6 1. Presidents may develop new roles for and expand power of the office. 1. During the 1950s and 1960s people favored a powerful president. 2. By the 1970s, presidential power was checked and distrusted by the public.

9. Section 2 Summary

10. III. Running the Government: A. As Chief Executive Question # 7 B. The Vice President Question # 8 C. The Cabinet Question # 9 1. the president presides over the administration of government.  Constitution: “take care that the laws be faithfully executed”  2. Today, federal bureaucracy spends $2.5 trillion a year and numbers more than 4 million employees.  3. Presidents appoint 500 high-level positions and 2,500 lesser jobs. 2. Bureaucracy- Handles day to day business, sets rules  Top down structure  Each person has a specific job  Operate under formal rules 1. Basically just “waits” for things to do (Pres. Of Senate) 2. Power has grown over time, as recent presidents have given their VPs important jobs 1. Presidential advisors, not in Constitution 2. Made up of 14 cabinet secretaries and one Attorney General, confirmed by the Senate

11. D. Cabinet Departments Question # 10

12. E. The Executive Office (EOP) Question # 11 1. Made up of policymaking and advisory bodies Three principle groups: NSC, CEA, OMB 1. National 1. Security Council (NSC)  Created in 1947 to coordinate the president’s foreign and military policy advisers  Members include the president, vice president, secretary of state and defense, and managed by the president’s national security adviser 2. Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)  A three-member body appointed by the president to advise on economic policy 3. Office of Management and Budget (OMB)  Performs both managerial and budgetary functions, including legislative review and budgetary assessments of proposals

13. F. The White House Staff Question # 12 G. The First Lady Question # 13 1. Chief aides and staff for the president— some are more for the White House than the president 2. Presidents rely on their information and effort but presidents set tone and style of White House 1. No official government position, but many get involved politically 2. Recent ones focus on a single issue, e.g., Hillary Clinton and health care

14. Section 3 Summary

15. IV. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers A.Chief Legislator Question # 14 1. Veto: The president can send a bill back to Congress with his reasons for rejecting it. It may be overridden with 2/3 support of both Houses. 2. Pocket Veto: A president can let a bill die by not signing it when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill. 3. Line Item Veto: ability to veto parts of a bill- -some state governors have it, but not the president Vetoes are mostly used to prevent legislation.

16. B. Party Leadership Question # 15 1. The Bonds of Party  Being in the president’s party creates a psychological bond between legislators and presidents, increasing agreement. 2. Slippage in Party Support  Presidents cannot always count on party support, especially on controversial issues. 3. Leading the Party  Presidents can offer party candidates support and punishment by withholding favors.  Presidential coattails occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the president’s party because they support the president. Races are rarely won in this way.

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19. C. Public Support Question # 16 D. Legislative Skills Question # 17 1. Public Approval  A source of presidential leadership of Congress  Public approval gives the president leverage, not command; it does not guarantee success 2. Mandates  Perception that the voters strongly support the president’s character and policies  Mandates are infrequent, but presidents claim a mandate anyway 1. Bargaining: concessions for votes, occurs infrequently 2. Being strategic, presidents increase chances for success by exploiting “honeymoon” at beginning of term 3. Presidents may set priorities to influence Congress’ agenda; president is nation’s key agenda builder 4. Skills must compete with other factors that may affect Congress; they are not at the core of presidential leadership of Congress

20. Section 4 Summary

21. V. The President and National Security Policy A. Chief Diplomat Question # 18 B. Commander- in-Chief Question # 19 1. Negotiates treaties with other countries  Treaties must be ratified by 2/3 vote in the Senate 2. Use executive agreements to take care of routine matters with other countries 3. May negotiate for peace between other countries 4. Lead U.S. allies in defense and economic 1. Writers of the Constitution wanted civilian control of the military. 2. Presidents often make important military decisions. 3. Presidents command a standing military and nuclear arsenal—unthinkable 200 years ago

22. C. War Powers Question # 20 D. Crisis Manager Question # 21 E. Working with Congress Question # 22 1. Shared War Powers in Constitution  Congress has the power to declare war.  President, as Commander-in-Chief, can commit troops and equipment in conflicts 2. War Powers Resolution (1973)  Intended to limit the president’s use of the military  Requires president to consult with Congress prior to using military force and withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress declares war or grants and extension  Presidents see the Resolution as unconstitutional 3. Presidents continue to test the constitutional limits of using the military in foreign conflicts. 1. The role the president plays can help or hurt the presidential image. 2. With current technology, the president can act much faster than Congress to resolve a crisis. 1. President has lead role in foreign affairs 2. Presidents still have to work with Congress for support and funding of foreign policies.

23. Section 5 Summary