1. Properties of ElectroMagnetic Radiation (Light)
Introduction
A.) Spectroscopy: A method of analysis based on the interaction, absorption or production of light by matter. (also may include the interaction of electrons, ions or acoustics with matter)
B.) Light: Electromagnetic radiation
Two different views of light:
1.) Wave Model

2. 1. Wave Model
i.) represented by a sinusoidal wave traveling in space with an oscillating electric field and perpendicular magnetic field. (electric field is what is considered or used in most spectroscopic methods – except NMR)
ii.) description of wave model
1) amplitude (A) – height of wave’s electric vector
2) wavelength (l) – distance (nm, cm, m) from peak to peak
a) wave number ( ) = 1/l (cm-1)
3) frequency (n) – number of cycles or oscillations per second
a) hertz (Hz) or s-1.
4) velocity of propagation (vi) – rate of travel through space, dependent on composition of medium
a) vi = nli
b) maximum velocity (c) – speed of light in a vacuum (3.00 x108 m/s)
c) slower in other media (~ 0.03% slower in air)

3. h = Plank’s constant (6.63 x 10-34 J.S)
2. Particle Model
i.) light viewed as discrete particles of energy called photons
a) like other particles, light can be scattered, counted (quantized) , etc
ii. ) Energy of wave/particle:
E = hn = hc/l = hc
h = Plank’s constant (6.63 x J.S)
n = frequency, l = wavelength, = wave number
note:
energy is proportional to frequency and wave number ([n Y [E)
energy is inversely proportional to wavelength (\l Y [E)
Energy required of photon to give this transition:
DE = E1 - Eo

4. Wide Range of Types of Electromagnetic Radiation in nature.
Only a small fraction ( nM is visible light).
The complete variety of electromagnetic radiation is used throughout spectroscopy.
Different energies allow monitoring of different types of interactions with matter.

5. Common Spectroscopic Methods Based on Electromagnetic Radiation
Type of Spectroscopy
Usual Wavelength Range
Usual Wave number Range, cm-1
Type of Quantum Transition
Gamma-ray emission Å _
Nuclear
X-ray absorption, emission, fluorescence, and diffraction Å
Inner electron
Vacuum ultraviolet absorption nm
1x106 to 5x104
Bonding electrons
Ultraviolet visible absorption, emission, fluorescence nm
5x104 to 1.3x104
Infrared absorption and Raman scattering mm
1.3x104 to 3.3x101
Rotation/vibration of molecules
Microwave absorption mm
13-27
Rotation of molecules
Electron spin resonance
3 cm
0.33
Spin of electrons in a magnetic field
Nuclear magnetic resonance m
1.7x10-2 to 1x103
Spin of nuclei in a magnetic field

6. Properties of Light Pencil appears to bend at water/air
1.) Refraction: change in direction in the travel of a light beam when it comes at an angle to a boundary (interface) between two transparent media with different densities.
Pencil appears to bend at water/air
interface due to refraction of light

7. (useful for design of prisms)
a.) Refraction Index (hi): medium/substance specific
hi = c/vi
c = speed of light in a vacuum
vi = speed of light in medium of interest at the specified frequency
hi $ 1 since vi # c
Typical values for h:
Values of h are wavelength dependent
(useful for design of prisms)
values of h in table (if no frequency given) are usually for sodium double (D) line at 590 nm.
Material
Refractive Index
Air
1.0003
Water
1.33
Glycerin
1.47
Immersion Oil
1.515
Glass
1.52
Flint
1.66
Zircon
1.92
Diamond
2.42
Lead Sulfide
3.91

8. b.) Snell’s Law: process of refraction
h1sinq1 = h2sinq2
normal
Change in direction of light after it encounters the interface. Change in interface is given by Snell’s Law
If h1 = h2, no change in direction, no refraction occurs
The bigger the difference in h1 and h2, the more bending or refraction that occurs
When light comes in at a right angle (q1 =0), no refraction occurs.

9. Properties of Light normal Ir Io Ansel Adams Mono Lake
2.) Reflection: when radiation crosses an interface between media that differ in refractive index, some or all of the light travels back into the medium from where it travel
normal Ir Io
Ansel Adams Mono Lake
Reflected light comes out at same angle as incident beam, but on other side of normal.
- Reflection occurs at each interface (when enters and exit)
Always occurs along with refraction, reflection increases with bigger difference in h1 and h2.
Occurs at all angles. At 90o to boundary (on normal) fraction reflected is given by:
Ir/Io = (h2-h1)2/(h2+h1) [ Ir/Io at values of q1 > 0 approaches 1 at large angles (basis of fiber optics)

10. Properties of Light
3.) Diffraction: the bending of a parallel beam of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) as it passes a sharp barrier or through a narrow opening.
a.) most pronounced when size of slit or opening is approximately the same size as the frequency of light.
Radiation of a point source of light in all directions on other side of slit.

11. b.) Interference – diffraction is a consequence of interference
i.) Two types of interference.
1) constructive – waves “in-phase” electric fields are additive
2) destructive – waves “out of phase” electric fields subtract
When two light waves of the same wavelength (color) combine exactly in phase (in step) their amplitudes add to produce a large (brighter) wave of maximum intensity.
If the light waves combine out of phase (out of step) their combined amplitudes are less, and may even totally cancel each other!

12. This may cause a difference in the phase between the two waves.
c.) Destructive Interference can be created when two waves from the same source travel different paths to get to a point.
This may cause a difference in the phase between the two waves.
If the paths differ by an integer multiple of a wavelength, the waves will also be in phase.
If the waves differ by an odd multiple of half a wave then the waves will be 180 degrees out of phase and cancel out.

13. Thomas Young double slit experiment
d.) More then One Slit: series of constructive and destructive interference that produces a series of high and low intensity regions – Interference Pattern
Thomas Young double slit experiment
Multiple rainbows – Interference Pattern
Patterns on screen depend on frequency (l), distance between two slits (d) and angle from normal (q)

14. Thomas Young double slit experiment
d.) Order of Interference (n): nl = d sinq
n=0 if two waves travel exactly the same distance, n=1 if differ by exactly l
Note: equation is frequency (l) dependent, so it is useful in separating different l for use in spectroscopy (different l’s at different points in space)
Change slit distance
Change frequency (l)
Thomas Young double slit experiment