1. Life in the Cities

2. Industrialism  Mainly starts in England during this time. why?  France focuses on finer goods and farming  Germany lacks unity, but has lots of resources  Belgium and US become big industrial countries  Inventions  Railroads and canals  Iron and steel  Crystal Palace will be built to symbolize English technology and progress  Factories will be developed and factory cities will become huge

4. Population & Economics  Thomas Mathis- wrote ‘Essay on Human Population’  David Ricardo- wrote ‘Iron Law of Wages’  Population-  In England, within 100 years (1750-1850) population will increase from 10 to 30 million people, mainly in industrial cities like Manchester (20.000-500.000)

5. Working class miseries  Work faster for longer hours, 14-16 hours @ $5 a day  Women and children (cheap labor)  Engels’ Condition of the Working Class in England  class conflict  middle class (business owners) = murderers and thieves

6. Social class shifts  Upper middle class (factory owners) merge with existing aristocracy  New money joins the old money  New “labor aristocracy” is formed  Skilled workers  Supervisors or foremen  Represent the “upper working class”  Women  New opportunities outside the home  No professional careers

7. Improvements begin about 1820  More good “stuff”, less bad  cheaper goods available  improved diets  laws restrict hours for women, children  Reform Act of 1832 & Factory Act of 1833- Improved representation and helped improve child labor  Railroads  changed many aspects of social life  did not change class divisions

8. “Taming the City”  Rural vs. Urban living  New developments improve life for city dwellers  Modern sewer systems  Public transportation  Widened streets (less crowding)  Sanitary Condition of Laboring Population (1848)- Must improve sewage system

9. The New Paris  Napoleon III believed wider streets and better design would  Allow control of rebellious crowds  Improve city life  Glorify France  Increase economy and employment

13. “Taming the City”  New developments improve life for city dwellers  Louis Pasteur  “Germ” theory  Joseph Lister  Sterilization techniques  Edwin Chadwick  Death and disease from poor living conditions caused poverty in cities

14. Organization of labor  Combination Acts (1799)  Outlawed unions  Repealed 1824  Robert Owen – wealthy but concerned (socialist!)  Built “utopia” factory town in Scotland  Less use of children  Advocated large unions  Provided benefits  Paid high wages  Chartists – universal male suffrage

15. Socialism  Early 1800’s starts in France & England  Utopian Socialist- Ideal society  Economy shapes history and culture  Class struggles haves vs. have nots capitalism exploits workers  Inevitability of a revolution working class will revolt in bad times  Surplus Value (Profits) difference between wage and price of goods. Contributes to class struggle

16. Retreat from Laissez Faire EARLY SOCIALISTS  Jeremy Bentham- (1748-1832) wrote ‘’Principles of Morals and Legislation’.  happiness is the presence of pleasure and absence of pain. Gov’t should assure happiness for most people by creating a welfare state.  John Stuart Mill- (1806-73) said gov’t should have some control on economy. Labor unions are good to protect workers…also discussed redistribution of wealth

17. Socialism GENERAL FEELINGS…  Called for state ownership of private production to protect interest of all people  Teach people to cooperate, not being competitive DIFFERENCE:  Robert Owen- In Scotland, was successful w/o exploiting workers  Louis Blanc- In France, wrote Organization of Work that said use competition to eliminate competition….!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!

18. Blanc’s steps to Socialism  Create a French republic with universal suffrage & a workers political party  Nationalize trains  Create social workshops  Bankrupt factories taken over by state ‘…from each according to his abilities, to each according to needs.’

19. Marxism  Karl Marx & Friedrich Engles- wrote Communist Manifesto (1848) about ‘scientific socialism’  Workers should rebel  Profit is the theft of the workers  Proletariat should unite against the aristocrats and bourgeoisie  Religion is the ‘opium for the masses’  Das Kapital- criticize capitalism

20. Socialist ism’s  Revisionism- socialism through democratic reforms  Anarchism- called for the destruction of the state with use of violence and assassinations  Leaders of Italy, Russia, Austria, France and United States were assassinated by them  Christian Socialism- reforms due to ‘brotherly love’