2. Chapter 11: The French Revolution 1789-1815

3. Section 1 The Revolution Begins

4. Main Ideas Social inequality and economic problems contributed to the French Revolution Radicals, Catholic priests, nobles, and the lower classes opposed the new order. Why it matters today: – The FR (French Revolution) became the model for revolution in the modern world – Power of nationalism was first experienced during FR – FR spread the principles of liberty and equality

5. The Background The causes of the French Revolution are deeply tied to French Society French Society was separated into 3 estates – 1 st Estate – 2 nd Estate – 3 rd Estate

6. First Estate: » consisted of clergy; about 130,000 people » owned 10% of the land » exempt to taxes (taille) » higher clergy: members of aristocratic families; shared interest of nobility » lower clergy: parish priest; poor; from lower classes

7. Second Estate : » consisted of nobility; about 350,000 people » owned 25 – 30% of the land » held leading positions in the government, military, courts, and church offices » exempt from taxes

8. Third Estate : » commoners of society; overwhelming majority of population » peasants: 75 – 80 % of population; owned 35 – 40% of land; over half of peasants have no land; peasants had obligations to landlords including fees for the use of village facilities » City Workers; poor; worked for poor wages in poor conditions » Bourgeoisie: middle class; 8% of population; owned 20 – 25% of land; were educated and had read the ideas of the Enlightenment; upset with the monarchical system resting on privilege and the old social order

9. The Three Estates Major problems began existing with three estates Even though the majority of the people were in the third estate, much land (35%) and almost all the power rested with the first two estates As well, the third estate paid all of the country’s taxes

11. 1) What was the first estate? A: NobilityB: Clergy C: PeasantsD: Merchants 2) Which estate had the most people in it? A: 1 st B: 2 nd C: 3 rd D: They were =

12. Inside the Third Estate Within the third estate there existed more classes The lower class workers and unskilled laborers still had feudal like obligations to landowners The new middle class or bourgeoisie owned land and had significant monetary power but no noble titles

13. Financial Issues The French Economy suffered setbacks in 1787 and 1788 with poor harvests and manufacturing slowdowns Coupled with debts from the American Revolution Louis XVI called the Estates-General to order to discuss new taxes

14. 3) Frances debt from what aided in the financial hardships of 1788-1789? A: 100 Years War B: World War I C: American Revolution D: Age of Exploration

15. Estates-General >> National Assembly Estates-General was a representative body of all three estates – 1st Estate: 300 Delegates – 2 nd Estate: 300 Delegates – 3 rd Estate: 600 Delegates – aka: 2 vs 1 for 1 st & 2 nd estate The 3 rd Estate wanted to change the voting from 1 vote for each estate to 1 vote for each delegate

16. Estates-General >> National Assembly The King refused the third estates demand The third estate separated themselves and created the National Assembly The Assembly met in a tennis court and swore to draft a constitution – (This became known as the Tennis Court Oath)

17. 4) What was the original representative body of France known as? A: National Assembly B: Parliament C: Congress D: Estates-General

18. The Bastille Louis XVI prepared to use force to break up the National Assembly However, on July 14, 1789 a group of Parisians stormed the ancient stronghold known as the Bastille to gather weapons and free prisoners

19. Revolution Spreads As the Storming of the Bastille continued popular revolts broke out across France against the landowning system By the summer of 1789 France was in total chaos

20. 5) What building did revolutionaries in Paris storm? A: The Mayor’s Palace B: The Bastille C: Versailles D: National Treasury

21. Declaration of the Rights of Man As part of legitimizing the revolution the National Assembly passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man on August 26, 1789 The Declaration was patterned after the US Declaration of Independence and Constitution

22. Declaration of the Rights of Man The Declaration was built upon Enlightenment principles The Declaration gave freedom and equal rights to all men, equal opportunity for employment, and equal taxation

23. Louis XVI Louis XVI was still in “power” at Versailles during the revolts The King regretfully accepted the new governments terms and came to Paris as a virtual prisoner along with his wife Marie Antoinette

24. New Constitution In 1791 the National Assembly passed a new constitution setting up a Limited Monarchy Political trouble soon erupted as relatives of Louis XVI in Prussia and Austria declared war to restore the monarchy

25. 7) The Constitution of 1791 set up a what kind of government? A: Absolute Monarchy B: Limited Monarchy C: Republic D: Dictatorship

26. French Rev Video Video

27. Homework Read ch 11 section 2 Take notes Green reading check questions

28. Group Work Kingdom of Blaat exercise Groups of 4 – you choose You will be assigned a role As a group, prepare a position statement from your assigned role addressing the king’s need to raise money You must write your position statement & present to the class Your position statement must explain why you think this After each group has presented, you reconvene with your group & discuss any changes you would make to your statement – must defend decision Each group needs to turn in one sheet with your position statement and defense of it & the changes you would make explaining why

29. Today – What needs to get completed Brainstorm with group your position statement Write your position statement & defense of it Next class period – present and discuss any changes

30. Section 2 Radical Revolution and Reaction

31. The Paris Commune Radical revolutionaries in Paris began attacking monarchical forces These radical groups became known as the Paris Commune Its members became known as the sans- culottes

32. The Sans-Culottes Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.

33. Maximillian Robespierre (1758 – 1794)

34. Georges Jacques Danton (1759 – 1794) “Rise up people of France and crush your enemies!”

35. The September Massacres, 1792  Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.  Buveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”]  over 1000 killed!  It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.

36. Jean-Paul Marat (1744 – 1793)

37. The Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday, 1793

38. Marat and Radicalism The French Revolution began moving in a much more radical phase With the King powerless radical revolutionaries pushed for more violence and revenge against the aristocracy The newspaper publisher Jean-Paul Marat incited radicals further

39. The King The question of Louis XVI still loomed Two factions of the Jacobins argued – The radical Mountain faction wanted to execute the king – The Girondins wanted to spare his life The decision was made to execute the King on January 21, 1793

40. Marie Antoinette as a Serpent The “Widow Capet”

41. Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793 Accused of High Treason

42. Crisis and Response At this point in the revolution France began breaking apart Provinces refused to listen to the new lawmaking body the National Convention At the same time a coalition of countries prepared to invade

43. Crises and Response In an effort to quell the discontent and protect the people the National Convention created a 12 man group known as the Committee of Public Safety Headed by Maximilien Robespierre it had incredible power and began the Reign of Terror

44. Reign of Terror The Committee for Public Safety began executing hundreds of suspected enemies of the revolution Over 16,000 people, including Marie Antoinette were guillotined under the direction of Robespierre

45. National Motto of France Liberty, Equality, and Brotherhood Blue and Red are the traditional colors of Paris White was the ancient color of France

46. Republic of Virtue Robespierre controlled France until he began to de-Christianize the country Robespierre replaced Christianity with a new god known as the Goddess of Virtue Calendars, street signs, and buildings were all replaced and secularized

47. Committee for Public Safety  Revolutionary Tribunals.  300,000 arrested.  16,000 – 50,000 executed.

48. A Republican Calendar

49. The New Republican Calendar Vendemaire(Vintage) 22 September-21 October Brumaire(Fog) 22 October-20 November Frimaire(Frost) 21 November-20 December Nivose(Snow) 21 December-19 January Pluviose(Rain) 20 January-18 February Ventose(Wind) 19 February-20 March Germinal(Budding)21 March-19 April Floreal(Flowers)20 April-19 May Prairial(Meadows)20 May-18 June Messidor(Harvest)19 June-18 July Thermidor(Heat)19 July-17 August Fructidor(Fruit) 18 August-21 September New NameMeaningTime Period VendemaireVintageSeptember 22 – October 21 BrumaireFogOctober 22 – November 20 FrimaireFrostNovember 21 – December 20 NivoseSnowDecember 21 – January 19 PluvioseRainJanuary 20 – February 18 VentoseWindFebruary 19 – March 20 GerminalBuddingMarch 21 – April 19 FlorealFlowersApril 20 – May 19 PrairialMeadowMay 20 – June 18 MessidorHarvestJune 19 – July 18 ThermidorHeatJuly 19 – August 17 FructidorFruitAugust 18 – September 21

50. A New Republican Calendar Year Vendemaire(Vintage) 22 September-21 October Brumaire(Fog) 22 October-20 November Frimaire(Frost) 21 November-20 December Nivose(Snow) 21 December-19 January Pluviose(Rain) 20 January-18 February Ventose(Wind) 19 February-20 March Germinal(Budding)21 March-19 April Floreal(Flowers)20 April-19 May Prairial(Meadows)20 May-18 June Messidor(Harvest)19 June-18 July Thermidor(Heat)19 July-17 August Fructidor(Fruit) 18 August-21 September I1792 – 1793 II1793 – 1794 III1794 – 1795 IV1795 – 1796 V1796 – 1797 VI1797 – 1798 VII1798 – 1799 VIII1799 – 1800 IX1800 – 1801 X1801 – 1802 XI1802 – 1803 XII1803 – 1804 XIII1804 – 1805 XIV1805 The Gregorian System returned in 1806.

51. The Radical’s Arms: No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!

52. The “Temple of Reason” Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Become the goddess of the French people.

53. The Festival of Supreme Being A new secular holiday

54. The Terror Intensified: March to July, 1794 Ô Law of 22 Prairial [June 10, 1794].  Trials were now limited to deciding only on liberty OR death, with defendants having no rights.  Were you an “enemy of the people?” (the law was so broadly written that almost anyone could fall within its definition!) Ô 1,500 executed between June & July. Danton & the “Indulgents” Jacques Hébert & the Hérbetists Executed in April, 1794 Executed in March, 1794

55. The End of the Terror Robespierre failed to realize how strongly Catholic the French people were Robespierre tried to garner more power but was guillotined himself, ending the Reign of Terror

56. The Directory With the terror over the revolutionaries set up a new government called the Directory The Directory compromised two representative bodies and restored stability until a young general named Napoleon Bonaparte took power

57. Homework Read ch 11 Section 3 Take notes Green Reading check ques

58. Group Work Present & reconvene to make changes and explain why