1. Osmosis, Diffusion, Active Transport MOVEMENT IN A CELL

2. Objectives Describe how the transport of materials into and out of a cell helps maintain homeostasis ◦Osmosis, Diffusion, Active Transport

3. Water https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU_fOSk1 pDo&feature=player_embedded

4. animation http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/properti esofwater/water.htmlhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/properti esofwater/water.html

5. Water is a solvent It dissolves salts like Sodium chloride, gases like Carbon dioxide, and elements like Oxygen, Calcium, Potassium to transport through our blood stream to and from cells.

6. Diffusion Movement of any particles from where there are a lot to where there are few.

7. Osmosis The movement of water across a membrane from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water. ◦From where there’s a lot of water to an area of little water. ◦No energy required for water to move

8. Osmosis

9. Salty solutions Hypertonic- where more salt is dissolved compared with water Isotonic- where equal parts of salt and water are dissolved Hypotonic- where less salt is dissolved compared with water

10. Isotonic

11. Hypertonic

12. Hypotonic

13. Pickles are made with Hypertonic salt solution

14. Blood and salt solutions

15. Blood cells in salt solutions

16. What is the effect on eyes in different salt solutions? Fresh water Isotonic water Salty water

17. Plant that keeps salt out Panicum turgidum Cows eat it. Comes from Sahara, Pakistan.

18. Kidney filter & osmosis

19. Water moves out at bottom There is higher amount of water in tube, so water flows out of tube. Upper part is impermeable to water.

20. Dialysis of blood

21. Facilitated Diffusion- no energy required

22. Active Transport Moving particles from a low concentration to a high concentration. ◦Moving Calcium from outside a cell to an area inside the cell where there are many calcium atoms requires energy from ATP to force them in.

23. Protein channel pump

24. Endocytosis Taking in material into a cell (cell eating)

25. Exocytosis Transporting material out of the cell. (cell eliminating waste)

26. Nerve impulses

28. Sight, Touch, Smell Trigger electrical nerve impulses

29. Nerve impulses http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvktREcRMAo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iiiz5CpFCQo

30. Vision

31. Smel l

32. Pain receptor

33. Muscle contraction

34. Muscle contract & relax Contraction: Calcium released by Endoplasmic reticulum connects actin to myosin. Relaxation: ATP releases the Actin from the Myosin. Cramps come about from lack of ATP (our energy source). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =WVuW560nRIIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v =WVuW560nRII

35. Brain transmissions There are over 60 neurotransmitter chemicals in our brain. Happy gas, Nitrogen monoxide (NO), exits the membrane by diffusion and penetrates the neighboring receiving neuron by diffusion. http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_01/a_01_m/a _01_m_ana/a_01_m_ana.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90cj4NX87Yk &list=PLCA3D41F8055EB9E6http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90cj4NX87Yk &list=PLCA3D41F8055EB9E6

36. Glutamate (also known as Monosodium glutamate) Brain’s neurotransmitter, memory, learning, regulating cells Works on brain cells GABA- (gamma aminobutyric acid) inhibits transmissions

37. ALS If glutamate stays on the neuron too long then the nerve misfires; evidenced in Lou Gherig’s disease (ALS), can have epilepsy or stroke. Calcium floods the cell. Calcium normally causes a firing of the cell, but too much Calcium causes the cell to produce an enzyme that destroys the cell. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7lDaXacuM4&list =PLCA3D41F8055EB9E6 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7lDaXacuM4&list =PLCA3D41F8055EB9E6 See page 189 of textbook

38. What Caffeine does to a brain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JP7EQ6e5d1c&list=PLCA3D41F8055 EB9E6http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JP7EQ6e5d1c&list=PLCA3D41F8055 EB9E6

39. Lack of Oxygen in the brain Too little oxygen causes a release of glutamate, which causes a release of an enzyme that destroys the Calcium protein pump. Too much Calcium produces other enzymes that cause cell death.

40. Alzheimers Brains NIH video Protein fibrils are built up between neurons which stop the transmission of brain signals. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjgBnx1jVIU