1. Unit 9 Introduction to Ecology Ecosystems & Communities

2. The Environment Environment includes all things that an organism is exposed to during it’s life. ____________

3. Abiotic Factors Are all of the _____________________things in the environment. Abiotic Factors:_____________________________________________

4. Biotic Factors Include all of the _____________ things in the environment and their effects. Biotic Factors _____________________________

5. Levels of organization 1. _____________: A group of organisms that can produce ____________________

6. Levels of organization 2. _________________: All the members of a ______________that live together at the same _____________.

7. Levels of organization 3. Community: ______the _____________ things in the same area.

8. Levels of organization 4. _________________: The ___________ and __________ parts in one place.

9. Levels of organization 5. ____________: Large _________________defined by their dominant ________and ______________.

10. Levels of organization 6. _________________: The area on and around ____________where life exists.

11. Biosphere Composed of 3 parts: ______________

12. Review 6 Levels of organization 1. _________________ 2. _________________ 3. _________________ 4. _________________ 5. _________________ 6. _________________ a. _______________________ b. _______________________ c. _______________________

13. Energy in the Biosphere All organisms need ______________to survive. The main _____________for energy on Earth is the _______ & _______________

14. Energy Flow Sun & Elements Producers (Autotrophs) Consumers (Heterotrophs) Decomposers (Heterotrophs)

15. Producers 1.Producers are also called _________________________ 2. Use energy from the ______________________to ____________ all the food in the world.

16. Photoautotrophs A. Photoautotrophs: Use energy from _________________to create food. _________________________: Process that uses solar energy to create food. Green Plants & Algae

17. Photoautotrophs CO 2 + Light + H 2 O  Sugar + O 2

18. Chemoautotrophs B. Chemoautotrophs: Use energy from __________________ materials to make food. _____________________________: Process that uses inorganic materials to create food. Some bacteria only

19. Chemoautotrophs 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 3H 2 S = C 6 H 12 O 6 + 3H 2 SO 4

20. Heterotrophs 2. Heterotrophs: Use organic materials made by _________________to obtain _____________. A. _______________________: Organisms that cannot create food. Instead, they eat other organisms to obtain energy.

21. Consumers 1. __________________: Only eat _______________.

22. Consumers 2. _____________________: Eat other ________________.

23. Consumers 3. ___________________: Eat both _________and ______________.

24. Consumers 4. _________________: Eat __________plant and animal material.

25. Decomposers B. Decomposers: _________________ organic matter and ____________the nutrients.

26. Review 1.Autotrophs a. __________________ b.__________________ 2.Heterotrophs a.Consumersb. Decomposers 1.____________________ 2.____________________ 3.____________________ 4.____________________

27. Trophic Levels Trophic Level: A step in either a food chain or a food web Producers, Consumers, Decomposers

28. Food Chains Food Chain: A series of steps in which energy is __________________ from one organism to another.

29. Food Webs Food Web: __________all food chains in an ecosystem together

30. Ecological Pyramids Ecological Pyramids: Diagrams used to show how much energy or matter exists within a trophic level. -About 10% of matter at one trophic level can be supported in the level above it but there are exceptions!

31. Nutrient Cycles How ______________move through the _____________________ 1.________________Cycle 2.________________Cycle 3.________________Cycle 4.________________Cycle

32. Water Cycle 1.Water enters the atmosphere by 1._______________________: From lakes, oceans, the ground, animals. 2._______________________: From Plant leaves

33. Water Cycle 1.Water leaves the atmosphere by 1._______________________: Rain, Snow, Ice 2.Organisms obtain water from _______________ & ________________

35. The Carbon Cycle Forms of Carbon –CO 2 –Most living materials –Organic materials Coal Oil Wood

36. The Carbon Cycle ______________________ uses CO 2 to create Sugars (made of carbon). __________________breaks down sugars and produces CO 2 Burning of _________ produces CO 2

38. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is a part of _______________ that are very important in our bodies. We cannot use Nitrogen ______(N 2 ) in the atmosphere. Bacteria Change N 2 into a form plants absorb. We then ______ plants and obtain nitrogen.

40. Phosphorous Cycle Phosphorous is a part of ________ –Genetic Material Phosphorous is a part of ________ –Energy molecule Obtain phosphorous by eating plants & other animals.

42. Land Biomes Land biomes are places on Earth’s surface that have the same _________________ and similar ______________ and _______________.

43. Forests Bosques Tropical Rain Forests Bosques tropicales lluviosos Tropical Dry Forests Bosques tropicales secos Temperate Forest Bosques templados Boreal Forests (Taiga) Bosques Boreales

44. Tropical Rain Forest

45. Tropical Dry Forest

46. Temperate Forest

47. Taiga

48. Grasslands Pastizales Temperate Grasslands Tropical Grasslands (Savanna) Sabana tropical

49. Temperate Grassland

50. Savanna

51. Deserts

52. Tundra

53. Polar Zones

54. Water Biomes Water biomes are classified by the _________ of water and _________________ that live there.

55. Freshwater Lakes Lagos Rivers Rios

56. Wetlands Wetlands Humedores –Marshes Marjales –Bogs Turberas –Swamps Pantanos

57. Wetlands

58. Ocean Zones Coral Reef Arrecifes de coral Open Ocean Mar Abierto Benthic Zone Zona Bentisal

59. Coral Reef

60. Open Ocean

61. Benthic Zone

62. Community Interactions How Organisms affect each other

63. Predation One animal (______________) eats the other animal (__________) Win / Lose

64. Parasitism One animal (_______________) lives inside another animal (______) and harms the host. –Eats parts of the host –Reproduces inside of the host Win / Lose

66. Herbivory An animal eats a plant. Win / Lose

67. Competition One organism _____________ another organism for food, land, water. Win / Lose

68. Mutualism 2 organisms _________ each other Bee gets food Plant transfers seeds Win / Win

69. Defense Mechanisms Mimicry Camouflage Toxins Special Structures

70. Mimicry One organism looks like another bad one

71. Camouflage Animal looks like it’s environments

72. Toxins

73. Special Structures Teeth Claws Spines