1. Medical Terminology: A Programmed Approach Paula Bostwick and Heidi Weber
Chapter 7: The Musculoskeletal System

2. Learning Outcomes Identify related parts and functions
Define related combining forms
Recall the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and clinical procedures used in testing and treating disorders of the musculoskeletal system
Define related pathologies
Define related surgical terms
Recall the common pharmacological agents used in treating disorders of the musculoskeletal system
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Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter you will be able to:
5.1 Define the elements of human body structure
5.2 Identify the body cavities and list organs that are contained within each cavity
5.3 Describe the planes of the body

3. Structure and Function
Framework: Bones, joints, muscles
allows movement
protects and supports all the internal organs
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The musculoskeletal system forms the framework that holds the body together, enables it to move, and protects and supports all the internal organs.
This system includes bones, joints, and muscles.

4. Skeletal System
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Image of skeletal and muscular system

5. Muscular System
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Image of skeletal system

6. Combining Terms Combining Form Meaning acetabul(o) acetabulum
acromi(o) end point of the scapula
ankyl(o) bent, crooked
arthr(o) joint
brachi(o) arm
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Combining Form Meaning
acetabul(o) acetabulum
acromi(o) end point of the scapula
ankyl(o) bent, crooked
arthr(o) joint
brachi(o) arm

7. Combining Terms Combining Form Meaning burs(o) bursa calcane(o) heel
calci(o calcium
carp(o) wrist
cephal(o) head
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Combining Form Meaning
burs(o) bursa
calcane(o) heel
calci(o calcium
carp(o) wrist
cephal(o) head

8. Combining Terms Combining Form Meaning cervic(o) neck
chondr(o) cartilage
condyl(o) knob, knuckle
cost(o) rib
crani(o) skull
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Combining Form Meaning
cervic(o) neck
chondr(o) cartilage
condyl(o) knob, knuckle
cost(o) rib
crani(o) skull

9. Combining Terms Combining Form Meaning dactyl(o) fingers, toes
fasci(o) fascia
femor(o femur
fibr(o) fiber
humer(o) humerus
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Combining Form Meaning
dactyl(o) fingers, toes
fasci(o) fascia
femor(o femur
fibr(o) fiber
humer(o) humerus

10. Combining Terms Combining Form Meaning ili(o) ilium ischi(o) ischium
kyph(o) hump; bent
lamin(o) lamina
leiomy(o) smooth muscle
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Combining Form Meaning
ili(o) ilium
ischi(o) ischium
kyph(o) hump; bent
lamin(o) lamina
leiomy(o) smooth muscle

11. Combining Terms Combining Form Meaning lumb(o) lumbar
maxill(o) upper jaw
metacarp(o) metacarpal
my(o) muscle
myel(o) spinal cord; bone marrow
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Combining Form Meaning
lumb(o) lumbar
maxill(o) upper jaw
metacarp(o) metacarpal
my(o) muscle
myel(o) spinal cord; bone marrow

12. Combining Terms Combining Form Meaning oste(o) bone patell(o) knee
ped(i), ped(o) foot
pelv(i) pelvis
phalang(o) finger or toe bone
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Combining Form Meaning
oste(o) bone
patell(o) knee
ped(i), ped(o) foot
pelv(i) pelvis
phalang(o) finger or toe bone

13. Combining Terms Combining Form Meaning pod(o) foot pub(o) pubes
rachi(o) spine
radi(o) forearm bone
rhabd(o) rod-shaped
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Combining Form Meaning
pod(o) foot
pub(o) pubes
rachi(o) spine
radi(o) forearm bone
rhabd(o) rod-shaped

14. Combining Terms Combining Form Meaning rhabdomy(o) striated muscle
scapul(o) scapula
scoli(o) curved
spondyl(o) vertebra
stern(o) sternum
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Combining Form Meaning
rhabdomy(o) striated muscle
scapul(o) scapula
scoli(o) curved
spondyl(o) vertebra
stern(o) sternum

15. Combining Terms Combining Form Meaning synov(o) synovial membrane
tars(o) tarsus
ten(o), tend(o) tendon
tendin(o) tendon
thorac(o) thorax
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Combining Form Meaning
synov(o) synovial membrane
tars(o) tarsus
ten(o), tend(o),
tendin(o) tendon
thorac(o) thorax

16. Combining Terms Combining Form Meaning tibi(o) tibia uln(o) ulna
vertebr(o) vertebra
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Combining Form Meaning
tibi(o) tibia
uln(o) ulna
vertebr(o) vertebra

17. Types of Bones
Total of 206 bones in the skeletal system which are classified according to their shape
Long, short, irregular, flat, sesamoid
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The bones function to provide shape, support and framework the body.
There are 206 bones in the skeletal system.
Bones are classified according to their shape.

18. Long Bone
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Image showing the parts of a long bone.

19. Type of Bones
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Image of bone classifications: Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid.

20. Epiphyseal Plates Page 7-8:
Radiograph image of a childs knee showing the two “Growth plates” that are cartilaginous tissue that will be replaced during growth years with bone.

21. Bones of the Head Page 7-10: Bones of the Head
Cranial bones form the skull, which serves to protect the brain the structures inside of the skull.

22. Sinuses (Four Sets) Page 7-10:
There are four sets of facial sinuses, frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses.

23. Spinal Column Extends from the base of the skull to the pelvis
Supports and stabilizes the body
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The spinal or vertebral column extends from the skull to the pelvis.
The it serves to support and stabilize the body.
Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacrum, an coccyx.

24. Spinal Column
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Image of the spinal column, divided into its three sections

25. Cervical Radiograph Page 7-13:
Lateral projection of the neck (cervical region of the spinal column)
Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacrum, an coccyx.

26. Five Divisions of the Spine
7 Cervical Vertebra (neck)
12 Thoracic Vertebra (ribs)
5 Lumbar Vertebra (back)
5 Sacrum Vertebra (lower back)
4 Coccyx Vertebra (tailbone)
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Cervical (Neck) = 7 vertebrae (bones)
Thoracic (Ribs) = 12 bones
Lumbar (Back) = 5 bones
Sacrum (lower back) = 5 bones fused as one
Coccyx = (tailbone) =4 Bones fused as one

27. Bones of Chest and Pelvis
Weight-transferring sections that keep the body balanced
Upper Girdle = Clavicle and scapula
Lower Girdle = Pelvis
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There are two weight-transferring transverse sections of bones.
The upper is the group formed by the clavicle and scapula, which transfers the weight of the upper body to distribute it evenly to the spine.
Any additional weight carried by one arm, such as a person holding a child, will be distributed evenly to the spine.
The second weight-transferring transverse section is formed by the pelvic girdle.

28. Rib Cage (Chest)
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Image of the Chest (Rib cage)

29. Male and Female Pelvis Page 7-15: Image of male and female pelvis.
Note the differences in the shape and size of the pelvis rim.
Much wider and deeper for the female.
Why? Child birth

30. Bones of the Extremities
Provide movement
Allow attachment of muscles
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The bones of the extremities provide movement with in the body.
The bones also allow the attachment of muscles.

31. Bones of the Arm/Hand Page 7-17:
Drawing of the bones of the arm and hands, name all parts.

32. Bones of the Leg/Feet Page 7-17:
Drawing of the bones of the leg and feet. Name all parts

33. Joints Described by their movement Ball and Socket Hinge Pivot Saddle
Condyloid
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Joints may be described by the type of movement they allow.
Ball-and-socket joints (the hip and shoulder joints for example) are set up like a ball sitting in a socket.
A hinge joint (the elbow or knee, for example) moves as though swinging like a hinge.
The joints and muscles allow the parts of the body to move in specific ways.

34. Types of Joints Page 7-19: Image showing types of synovial joints.
Be sure to study this image pay close attention to the examples for each joint type.

35. Elbow Joint
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Image of a cross sectional coronal view of an elbow joint. Note the joint capsule and synovial membrane.

36. Muscles Contract/extend to allow movement
Three types muscles for different functions
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Muscles contract and extend to provide body movement.
During movement, the muscle contracts and extends and the moveable bone moves in a specific direction.
Different muscles have different functions.
Three types of muscles include, skeletal, cardiac, and
For example, the deltoid muscles are used to extend the arms, the biceps of the arm flex the forearms, and the masticatory muscles close and open the jaw for chewing

37. Skeletal Muscle
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Image showing the three types of muscle.

38. Cardiac Muscle
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Image showing the origin and insertion of a muscle

39. Smooth Muscle
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Image showing smooth muscle type.

40. Origin and Insertion Page 7-21:
Image showing the origin and insertion of a muscle

41. Body Movement Adduction - toward the body Supination - a turning up
Pronation - a turning down
Dorsiflexion - a bending up
Plantar flexion - a bending down
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More body movement:
Adduction —movement toward the body.
Supination —a turning up, as of the hand.
Pronation —a turning down, as of the hand.
Dorsiflexion —a bending up, as of the ankle.
Plantar flexion —a bending down, as of the ankle.

42. Diagnostic, Procedural, Laboratory
Findings assist in the diagnosis of medical conditions
Often used in combination, these test lead to a final diagnosis and assist in treatment planning
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Diagnostic, procedural and laboratory findings assist in the diagnosis of medical conditions.
Often used in combination, these test lead to a final diagnosis and assist in treatment planning.

43. Radiograph of a Skull Page 7-24:
Radiograph of a skull in the anterior and lateral (side) view.

44. Goniometer
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Image showing a goniometer.

45. Arthroscopic Knee Image
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Image showing a view of a torn meniscus in the knee.

46. Pathological Terms
Pathological conditions can occur throughout the musculoskeletal system
May be present at birth or occur throughout the lifespan
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Pathological conditions can occur throughout the musculoskeletal system.
These conditions may be present at birth or occur throughout the lifespan.

47. Spina Bifida Spine Bifida Cystica Spina Bifida Uncudate Page 7-27:
Images showing two types of spina bifida.

48. Symptoms, Abnormalities, & Conditions
Types of Fractures
Avulsion
Intracapsular
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Fractures
There are many other types of fractures; for example, an avulsion fracture is one caused by the pulling of a ligament and an intracapsular fracture is one within the capsule of a joint.
One of the most common problems with bones is that they can break, or fracture.

49. Types of Fractures
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Image showing types of fractures:

50. Joint Disorders Occur from everyday use of a joint or injury related
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Disorders of the joints can occur due to every day use of the joint or may be related to an injury.

51. Osteoporosis
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Image showing osteoporotic changes in young versus elderly females.

52. Arthritis Healthy Knee Arthritic Knee Page 7-29:
Comparison of nuclear scan with a healthy knee in picture A versus an arthritic knee in picture B.

53. Spinal Diseases/Disorders
The bones of spinal cord can also experience diseases and disorders
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The bones of spinal cord can also experience diseases and disorders.

54. Types of Spinal Curvatures
Scoliosis = Side-to-side curvatures
Kyphosis = Front-to-back curvatures
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Scoliosis is a side to side curvature
Kyphosis is a front to back curvature

55. Images of Spinal Curves
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Image showing the two types of spinal curvature.

56. Surgical Terms
Orthopedic surgery may involve biopsies, repair, grafting, replacement, excision, or reconstruction of parts of the musculoskeletal system
orthotic
casting
splinting
traction
Amputation
prosthetic devices
bone grafting
orthosis
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Orthopedic surgery may involve repair, grafting, replacement, excision, or reconstruction of parts of the musculoskeletal system.
Surgeons also make incisions to take biopsies.
Almost any major part of the musculoskeletal system can now be surgically replaced

57. Surgical Terms (cont.) external fixation devices
internal fixation devices
reduction
osteotomy
tenotomy
myoplasty
orthotic
casting
splinting
traction
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external fixation devices internal fixation device
reduction
osteotomy
tenotomy
Myoplasty
arthroplasty arthrocentesis synovectomy arthrodesis
spondylosyndesis bursectomy bunionectomy laminectomy

58. Surgical Terms (cont.) arthroplasty arthrocentesis synovectomy
arthrodesis
spondylosyndesis
bursectomy
bunionectomy
laminectomy
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arthroplasty arthrocentesis synovectomy arthrodesis
spondylosyndesis bursectomy bunionectomy laminectomy

59. Pharmacological Terms
Most medications treat symptoms, not causes
Relieve or relax the area of pain by either numbing the area or by reducing the inflammation
muscle relaxant
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
narcotic
analgesic
anti-inflammatory (corticosteroid)
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Most medications for treatment of the musculoskeletal system treat symptoms, not causes.
The following medications all relieve or relax the area of pain by either numbing the area or by reducing the inflammation:

60. Chapter Review Identify related parts and functions
Define related combining forms
Recall the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and clinical procedures used in testing and treating disorders of the musculoskeletal system
Define related pathologies
Define related surgical terms
Recall the common pharmacological agents used in treating disorders of the musculoskeletal system
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7.1 Name the parts of the musculoskeletal system and discuss the function of each part
The musculoskeletal system forms the framework that holds the body together, enables it to move, and protects and supports all the internal organs
7.2 Know the major word parts used in building words that relate to the -musculoskeletal system
 Word building requires knowledge of the combining form and meaning.
7.3 Name the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and clinical procedures used in testing and treating disorders of the musculoskeletal system
Diagnostic, procedural and laboratory findings assist the health care provider in diagnosing medical conditions.
Often used in combination, these tests lead to a final diagnosis and assist in treatment planning