3. TRUE or FALSE? There are 8 Modal/ Auxiliary verbs in English. can – could will – would shall – should may – might must need dare ought to

4. How are Modal Verbs constructed in a sentence? Modal Verb Bare Infinitive

5. Can Modal Verbs be found with the other time forms of the bare infinitive? Modal Verbs Simple Bare Infinitive Continuous Bare Inf. present/ future Perfect Bare Inf. Perf. Cont. Bare Inf. past

7. TRUE or FALSE? Function = a label on everyday situations and on the type of language we use in them e.g. asking sb to do sth for us / for a favour Label: REQUEST, Language: Can you/ could you/ I was wondering if you could/ Will you/ Would you/ Would it be possible for you to, etc

8. TRUE or FALSE? There is no polite plural in English. So, we use functional language (with modal verbs and other expressions) to cover for its lack.

9. TRUE or FALSE? The kind of functional language we use depends on 4 considerations. They are: Speakers’ relationship Speakers’ roles Setting Topic

11. What language does the function ARRANGEMENTS employ?

12. What language does the function HABITS employ?

13. What language do the functions NECESSITY/ ABSENCE OF NECESSITY employ?

14. What language does the function ABILITY/ INABILITY employ?

15. What language do the functions OBLIGATION/ ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION employ?

16. What language does the function DEDUCTIONS employ?

17. What language do the functions (IM)PROBABILITY/ (IM)POSSIBILITY employ?

18. What language do the functions REPROACH/ CRITICISM employ?

19. What language does the function REQUESTS employ?

20. What language do the functions OFFERS/ WILLINGNESS employ?

21. What language does the function PROHIBITION employ?

22. What language does the function PERMISSION employ?

23. What language does the function ADVICE employ?

24. What language do the functions SUGGESTIONS/ RECOMMENDATIONS employ?

25. What language does the function EXPECTATION employ?

26. What language does the function INSISTENCE employ?

27. What language does the function TYPICAL BEHAVIOUR employ?

28. What language do the functions ASKING FOR SUGGESTIONS/ INSTRUCTIONS employ?

29. What language does the function PREFERENCE employ?

30. What language does the function BOLDNESS employ?

31. What language does the function ASSUMPTIONS employ?

33. Standard Expressions/ Constructions I can + perception verbs (replacing the Present Continuous ) could + perception verbs (replacing the Past Continuous )

34. Standard Expressions/ Constructions II may … but … = although: concession ALSO: be that as it may = although this may be so, try as I might = although I try hard, (Strange) though/ as it may (sound/ seem/…) = although it sounds/ seems/ … (strange)

35. Standard Expressions/ Constructions III may/ might (just) as well = 1. suggesting the best course of action in the circumstances 2. ‘could easily’ is also possible here = it wouldn’t matter if sb did sth else instead

36. Standard Expressions/ Constructions IV may (very) well = perhaps it’s simply/ easily like that

37. Standard Expressions/ Constructions V May (God Bless) sb/ sth = formally wishing sth

38. Standard Expressions/ Constructions VI for fear one might/ lest one should = fearing that/ in case

39. Standard Expressions/ Constructions VII can(’t)/ could(n’t) possibly = it will (not)/ would (not) be possible to

40. Standard Expressions/ Constructions VIII would be grateful if you would/ could = formal and polite request

41. Standard Expressions/ Constructions IX shall = formal instead of ‘will’, esp. 1.when showing determination & 2.in legal papers (contracts, agreements, etc), when stating what is to apply

42. Standard Expressions/ Constructions X should (subjunctive meaning) = formal in ‘that’ clauses in place of a gerund or infinitive construction (See also Un. 10)