1. Parts of Speech Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections

2. Noun: names a person, place, thing, or idea Common Nouns: names any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas. Ex: mountain, novelist, museum, ship, movie Proper Nouns: names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns are generally capitalized Ex: Mr. McGiles, Jacksonville, JCPennys Compound Nouns: consists of two or more words that together name a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. It may be written as on word, as separate words, or as a hyphenated word Ex: baseball, civil rights, sister-in-law

3. Concrete, Abstract, and Collective Nouns Concrete Nouns: names a person, place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.) Ex: dog, sunset, thunder, silk, Nile River Abstract Nouns: names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic Ex: liberty, beauty, kindness, success, Buddhism Collective Nouns: names a group of people, animals, or things. Ex: audience, bouquet, crowd, jury, staff, swarm

4. Pronoun: takes the place of one or more nouns or pronouns. Antecedent: the word or word group that a pronoun stands for Personal Pronouns: refers to the one(s) speaking (first person), the one(s) spoken to (second person), or the one(s) spoken about (third person). SingularPlural First PersonI, me, my, minewe, us, our, ours Second Personyou, your, yours Third Personhe, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its they, them, their, theirs

5. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Reflexive Pronoun: refers to the subject of a sentence and functions as a complement or as an object of a preposition. Ex. I’m not quite myself today. Intensive Pronoun: emphasizes its antecedent and has no grammatical function in the sentence. Ex: Ray painted the mural himself. First PersonMyself, ourselves Second PersonYourself, yourselves Third PersonHimself, herself, itself, themselves

6. Demonstrative, Interrogative, and Relative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronoun: points out a person, place, thing, or idea Ex: This is our favorite campsite. Interrogative Pronoun: introduces a question Ex. What is the address of this house? Relative Pronoun: introduces a subordinate clause Ex. The dog that you trained is very well behaved. ThisThatTheseThose WhoWhomWhichWhatWhose ThatWhichWhoWhomWhose

7. Indefinite Pronouns: refers to a person, place, idea, or thing that may or may not be specifically named AllEach OtherMostOne Another AnotherEitherMuchOther AnyEverybodyNeitherSeveral AnybodyEveryoneNobodySome AnyoneEverythingNoneSomebody AnythingFewNo OneSomeone BothManyNothingSomething EachMoreOneSuch Ex: Everything we will need is packed in the trunk.

8. Adjective: modifies a noun or a pronoun To modify means “to describe,” or “to make the meaning of a word more specific.” An adjective is a modifier that tells what kind, which one, how many, or how much. Articles: A, An, and The Indefinite Articles: A and An Definite Article: The What Kind?Which One?How Many?How Much? Spilled ink English tea Howling winds This park These papers That house Twenty miles Two men Several apples No salt Enough water Some food

10. Verb: expresses action or a state of being Verbs are generally classified in three ways 1.Main or Helping Verbs 2.Action or Linking Verbs 3.Transitive or Intransitive Verbs Verb Phrase: consists of on main verb and one or more helping verbs (also called auxiliary verbs). Ex: am reading Ex: should have been listening

11. Main Verbs and Helping Verbs Commonly Used Helping Verbs Forms of Beam are be been being is was were Forms of Havehadhashavehaving Forms of Dodiddodoes Modalscan could may might must ought shall should will would Modal: a helping verb that is used to express an attitude toward the action or state of being of the main verb.

12. Action Verbs and Linking Verbs Action Verb: expresses either physical or mental activity Physical: bring, say, shout, jump, breathe Mental: ponder, trust, review, evaluate, guess Linking Verb: connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject Some verbs can be used as either action or linking verbs. In order to tell the difference, replace the verb with one of the forms of be (am, is, are, was, were) and if the sentence makes sense then the verb is most likely a linking verb. Linking: Emilia felt calm at the seashore. Action: Emilia felt the waves washing over her feet.

13. Commonly Used Linking Verbs Forms of Be be being am is are was were shall be will be has been have been had been shall have been will have been can be may be might be must be should be would be could be should have been would have been could have been Others appear become feel grow look remain seem smell sound stay taste turn

14. Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs Transitive Verb: has an object—a word that tells who or what resolves the action of the verb. Ex: She trusts her friend. Intransitive Verb: does not have an object. Ex: The audience applauded. The same verb may be transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another. Trans: Elsa swam the channel. Intrans: Else swam for many hours. Note: action verbs can be transitive or intransitive. All linking verbs are intransitive.

15. Adverb: modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb An adverb tells how, when, where, or to what extent (how much, how long, or how often). Adverbs modifying Verbs The bird was chirping outside. The bird chirped loudly. Adverbs Modifying Adjectives It was a fiercely competitive game. The exceptionally brave police officer was given an award. Adverbs modifying other Adverbs The guide spoke extremely slowly. We will go to the mall later today.

17. Preposition: is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun, called the object of the preposition, to another word. In the following examples the prepositions show different relationships between the verb rode and village, the object of each preposition. I rode past the village. I rode through the village. I rode toward the village. I rode beyond the village. Prepositional Phrase: a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object

18. Commonly Used Prepositions aboard about above across after against along amid among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond but (meaning except) by concerning down during except for from in inside into like near of off on onto outside over past since through to toward under underneath until up upon with within without Commonly Used Compound Prepositions according to because of by means of in addition to in front of in spite of instead of on account of prior to

19. Conjunction: joins words or word groups Coordinating Conjunction: joins words or word groups that are used in the same way. Ex: The orchestra played waltzes and polkas. Hint: just think FANBOYS Correlative Conjunctions: pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used in the same way. Ex: Both the track team and the volleyball team enjoyed a winning season. forandnorbutoryetso both…and either…or neither…nor not only…but also whether…or

20. Interjection: expresses emotion. An interjection has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. Ex: Well, I’m just not sure. Ex: There must be, oh my, a dozen snakes there. (Just think of words you say when you’re really excited…or when you stub your toe!) ahouchughwowoopsheyoh